Managing Business Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2227 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Running head: Managing Business Process Managing Business Process How does the operation compete in its market place? Use the generic 5 performance objectives to identify which objective is deemed by the operation to be the most important (in gaining and maintaining customers) through to which is the least important. Your answer to this must include an analysis of all 5-performance objectives via the use of researched evidence to explain why some performance objectives are ranked above others. Nutrition, Health and Wellness Our center point is to improve the nature of customers lives consistently, all over the place by offering more delicious and healthier sustenance and drink decisions and empowering a solid lifestyle. Quality assurance and product safety All over on the planet, the NestlÃÆ' © name speaks to a guarantee to the buyer that the item is sheltered and of elevated expectation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing Business Process" essay for you Create order Our dedication is never to bargain on the security of any item. Our Quality Policy compresses the essentials of our energy for incredibleness: To fabricate trust by offering items and benefits that match buyer desire whats more inclination; To consent to all interior and outer sustenance Security, administrative and quality necessities, Quality is everyones dedication. We persistently move ourselves with a specific end goal to always enhance and attain the most elevated amounts of value. We keep up the same high sustenance wellbeing measures in all nations in which we work. We guarantee the conveyance of amazing items through our Quality Management System Consumer communication We are focused on dependable, solid shopper correspondence that enables shoppers to practice their entitlement to educated decision and advertises healthier eating regimens. We regard shopper security. Our center business system is assembled around helping shoppers to have an adjusted, healthier diet. The NestlÃÆ' © Consumer Communication Standards hold compulsory runs on advertising correspondence to all shoppers, including faultless representation and depiction of nourishments in a manner that does not support overÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"consumption. Also, particular standards guide our correspondence to kids including no publicizing or promoting action to kids under 6 years of age. Publicizing to youngsters from 6 to 12 years is limited to items that meet decided ahead of time nourishing profiling criteria, including clear breaking points on vitality and wellbeing touchy fixings,. The NestlÃÆ' © Policy on Nutrition and Health: Human rights in our business activities Minimals (UNGC) controlling standards on human rights and work and plan to give an illustration of great human rights and work polishes all around our business exercises. We Help and admiration the insurance of universal human rights inside our circle of impact (UNGC Principle 1); verify that we are not complicit in human rights misuses (UNGC Principle 2); are against all types of abuse of youngsters; perceive protection as a human right; Expect each of our organizations to admiration whats more take after the neighborhood laws and regulations concerning human rights polishes. Where our own standards and regulations are stricter than nearby enactment, the higher standard applies; perceive the obligation of organizations to admiration human rights independent of the actuality Those administrations are eventually dependable for the station of a legitimate system for securing human rights inside their locales. We maintain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the opportunity of affiliation and the compelling distinguishment of the right to aggregate haggling (UNGC Principle 3) Leadership and personal responsibility Our prosperity is focused around our kin. We treat one another with deference and nobility and anticipate that everybody will advertise a feeling of moral obligation. We enlist equipped furthermore propelled individuals who regard our qualities, give parallel open doors to their advancement and headway, secure their protection and dont endure any structure of badgering or discrimination. our Code of Business Conduct determines certain non-debatable least norms in key ranges of representative conduct, including consistence with laws, clashes of investment, hostile to trust and reasonable managing, remuneration, defilement (UNGC Principle 10), separation and provocation, and trustworthiness. We trust in the imperativeness of free rivalry also are focused on acting with trustworthiness in all circumstances. It would be ideal if you see The NestlÃÆ' © Code of Business Conduct at www.nestle.com/approaches. Our Human Resources Policy defines d emeanor for example, shared appreciation, trust and transparency in identifying with each other and supports open correspondence and participation. We additionally accept that our long haul achievement relies on upon our ability to pull in, create, secure and hold the right and best representatives. We regard universal assemblies concerning workers rights, dont endure separation for reasons, for example, starting point, nationality, religion, race, sex, age or sexual introduction or take part in any sort of verbal or physical badgering focused around any of the above on the other hand any viable reason What mechanisms does the operation use to either prevent slippage or to realign the operation with its intended performance criteria? In other words, how does the operation ensure that it is meeting its own strategic objectives as stated in part 1. For this element you need to consider issues such as control of the processes, measurement of the processes, complaints and compliments analysis etc. Strategy nestle depicts itself as a sustenance, nourishment, wellbeing, and health organization. They believe strengthening their administration in this business is the key component of their corporate strategy. this business is described as one in which the customers essential inspiration for purchase is the cases made by the item focused around wholesome substance. With a specific end goal further bolstering reinforce their good fortune, NestlÃÆ' © made Nutrition as a self-governing worldwide business unit within the association, and accuse it of the operational and benefit and misfortune responsibility for the case based business execution by offering shoppers trusted, science based nutrition items and administrations. The Corporate Wellness Unit was intended to integrate nutritional quality included their nourishment and refreshment organizations. This unit will drive the nutrition, wellbeing and health association over all their nourishment and drink organi zations. It encompasses a real correspondence exertion, both inside and remotely, and strives to closely adjust NestlÃÆ' ©s exploratory and RD mastery with shopper profits. This unit irresponsible for arranging flat, cross-business extend that address current customer concerns and reckoning future buyer trends. nestle business-level system disintegrated expense administration or separation with extensive variety of items and low cost operators. NestlÃÆ' © key administration is to compel the business to get more proficient, to create a local assembling system, incorporate the organizations business on a worldwide scale and to lessen showcasing uses by misusing the cooperative energies between brands. Their strategy to create Rd arrange by enhancing existing items and making tomorrow nourishments, two third of organizations Rd exercises are committed to revamping existing products, the staying third is saved for radical item developments, enhance on operational level and various hierarchical progress The final task requires you to evaluate the way in which the performance objectives are measured and controlled. You may find  ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Your findings indicate weaknesses in the present system of control and measurement what would you recommend as alternative approaches using specific tools and theory from the module? Explaining how these tools would enhance the process under scrutiny. Concurring Stoner et al association structure alludes to The route in which an associations exercises are partitioned, composed and co-ordinated. Consequently the structure of an association creates how work is distributed and controlled;how individuals and exercises are gathered together;and the channels through which power and correspondence are dispersed inside the association Both NESTLE and Nestle associations have formal authoritative structures.the destination is to survive,maximize their benefits and to grow their business.the key administration empowers fur ther bolstering accomplish good fortune and focused position in worldwide market.the formal association structure serves to attain numerous goals. To connection people in a made system of connections To gathering together the assignment needed to satisfy the destinations of the association in general, and to apportioned them to suitable people for gatherings. To allotted people or gatherings the power they needed to perform their capacities and also the obligation to record for their directors. This makes a progressive system of command, whereby power streams descending from senior to each one level of the association. To empower the stream of work, information and different assets through the association by means of clear lines of co-operation and correspondence. There are numerous elements which in impacts the structure of association. Associations size- as an association gets bigger its structure gets more complex.therefore determination and subdivision is required. Both NESTLE and Nestle are worldwide organizations.they are expansive in size. Associations undertaking the way of its work.nestle is a nutrition, helth and health organization and NESTLE is one of the biggest fiscal and managing an account administrations commercial ventures in the natures turf. Associations staff à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the abilities and capabilities of staff will figure out how the work is organized and the level of supervision required.the staff of the Nestle is much bigger than NESTLE on the grounds that in NESTLE the greater part of the things are automated.but in Nestle a large portion of the work must be carried out by human. Lawful, business, specialized and social environment of association both are legitimate and engineering is extremely high.and both organizations identified with individuals in two ways. Effect of structure and culture on business performance The relationship between authoritative society and structure is an important.but it is troublesome to recognize from one another.they are really intertwined.peter F Druker, a noticeable scholar of management, politics, economy and society highlighted association structure is a crucial means and the wrong structure will genuinely weaken business execution and may even crush it Thus achievement or disappointment of out happen to the association relies on upon hierarchical structure. How administration works,which particular obligations bosses have,how a protest is passed through the positions all these issues inside the hierarchical society that are specifically attached to how an authoritative structure functions. The degree to which errands in the association are subdivided into discrete occupations( work specialization ) help to makes productive utilization of worker abilities and it will expands representative aptit udes through repetition.also more extensive compasses of administration increments hierarchical productivity. Departmentalization of association additionally serves to give productive work and encourages gathering work. The impact of the hierarchical society are relying upon whether the organization has a solid society or a frail culture.therefore a solid association society will help take everybody more productive and successful.if the parts in the association acknowledge the center values and focus on those qualities, then the society in that association is solid when the society is solid it will then impact on the conduct of its parts as a whole.this impact the conduct of everybody inside the association. Solid societies not just have an incredible effect on the conduct of representatives additionally have a positive impact on the execution of the organization.therefore solid society lead associations towards superior and achievement. Approaches to management Associat ions are involved administrators and operatives.operatives work specifically on the work they have been appointed and are not dependable to supervise the work of others.but directors are answerable for the exercises of others to guarantee that things are happening as planned.the capacities of administration customarily include;planning,organizing, commanding,co-ordinatng and control.but Managers employment can not characterized precisely. The structure of NESTLE give more effective administration over the entire organization.the administration choices inside the association are more flexible.also as a piece of key administration NESTLE has additionally had the capacity to always supply of its workforce and evaluate their execution in energizing job. the administrators of NESTLE likewise given broad advancement and preparing. In Nestle the parts at administration level are more concerned with constantly increasing the value of the organization than practicing formal authority.t he administrators of Nestle ought to have the capacity to rouse and create individuals utilizing their own particular procedures and receptive and also an elevated amount of enthusiasm toward different societies and life styles The structure of NESTLE give more productive administration over the entire organization.the administration choices inside the association are more flexible.also as a piece of vital administration NESTLE has likewise had the capacity to continually load of its workforce and survey their execution in energizing job. the administrators of NESTLE additionally given far reaching improvement and preparing. References Neuman, William (14 January 2010). Sample of NestlÃÆ' © Cookie Dough Has E. Coli Bacteria NestlÃÆ' © buys US ice cream firm. BBC News. 17 June 2002. Retrieved 22 February 2007. NestlÃÆ' © enters into strategic partnership with Belgian luxury chocolate maker Pierre Marcolini. NestlÃÆ' © Retrieved 23 March 2011. Thomasson, Emma (4 January 2010). Novartis seeks to buy rest of Alcon for $39 billion. Reuters. Retrieved 4 January 2010. NestlÃÆ' © Baby Milk. NestlÃÆ' ©. Retrieved 13 June 2010. AFP. Taiwan finds low levels of melamine in NestlÃÆ' © milk products. Channel News Asia. Retrieved 2 October 2008. NestlÃÆ' © to Expand Business in Health Care Nutrition, New York Times, Matthew Saltmarsh, 27 September 2010 The NestlÃÆ' © Sustainability Review, May 2002, NestlÃÆ' © S.A.. Retrieved 18 May 2012 Neuman, William (14 January 2010). Sample of NestlÃÆ' © Cookie Dough Has E. Coli Bacteria Jeff Gray (December 5, 2012). Former NestlÃÆ' © Canada CEO may face chocolate price-fixing charge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shortlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The Globe and Mail (Toronto). NestlÃÆ' © Baby Milk. NestlÃÆ' ©. Retrieved 13 June 2010. Denny, Charlotte (20 December 2002). Retreat by NestlÃÆ' © on Ethiopias $6m debt. The Guardian (Manchester, UK). Retrieved 29 April 2011. S cott McDonald (22 September 2008). Nearly 53,000 Chinese children sick from milk NestlÃÆ' © bottled-water ads misleading, environmentalists say. CBC News. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2010 Dejong, Michael (24 March 2009). Water, Water Everywhere. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 30 November 2010

The Environmental Forces Of Walmart - 1199 Words

There are many environmental forces that can affect an organizations. One particular organization that has been affected by these environmental forces is Walmart. Some organizations such as Walmart believe in saving people money so they can live better. Walmart first store open in 1962 in Arkansas and now fifty three years later operates all over the world, deals with over 245 million customers, has 11,000 stores in 28 countries, and employee’s 2.2 million employees worldwide. Walmart believes in being innovative and demonstrate leadership through the service they offer customers and communities. Walmart is best known for their low prices and is considered by most the one stop shopping experience. In the following paragraphs we will look†¦show more content†¦With that said, Walmart realizes that taking factors into consideration such as age, gender and income to name a few can have an impact on the organization. If a society is mostly comprised of elderly individuals with limited income the demand for products decreases, therefore, sales decreases. In contrast, if a society comprised of individuals with higher incomes are more likely to have greater purchasing power. With the first Walmart to open its doors in 1962 in Arkansas, that was just the beginning of building an empire. The placement of Walmart stores plays an important role in the success of the business. Walmart seeks to place its stores in location that they feel would be profitable. Some factors that are taken into account are the size and density of the population, as well as, the income and age of the society (Basker, 2007). These factors can determine whether or not the individual store itself will be successful. 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War Brings out the Best and Worst Essay Example For Students

War Brings out the Best and Worst Essay War brings out the best and the worst in human nature. Of course it does. There is no doubt about it. War is clearly a test of human nature. We have war heroes and we have war criminals and we also have war cowards. The heroes obviously bringing out the best in human nature and the criminals bringing out the worst. Its really quite simple. All that we need to do is look at war mongrels. People such as Hitler need to be analyzed. Some of Hitlers ideas as a civil activist were, on a political level only, well thought of. Hitlers ideas of Ethnic cleansing is what makes him a bad person and therefore brought out the worst in him. Hitlers followers had no idea of how powerful he would become and when he got all the power, he did not use it appropriately. When talking about soldiers, bringing out the best would be running through a field and picking up a wounded soldier. This shows the best in human nature and that humans are caring and sensible people. When soldiers follow unlawful commands or commit mass genocide and brutal murders, thats when we see the worst in human nature. As of the end of World War II, obeying orders was no longer a defence for soldiers because they should know the difference between right and wrong. I think it would be safe to say that war brought out the best in Robert Ross. He understood that thousands of lives were depending on him and he came through. He showed that humans can be compassionate, caring, and emotional people. He also died saving all the horses. There are so many events that can bring out the best or worst in humans. Its not only war, but any time or high stress situation. I think that a time of civil disobedience would bring out the best and worst. I think we find though as humans, we have our own fine line of whats right and wrong and usually this line takes us in the right direction.

Neuromuscular Junction Self-Quiz Answers Essay Example

Neuromuscular Junction: Self-Quiz Answers Paper Chapter 1 great review of the basic anatomical areas of the body 1. Metabolism, anabolism, catabolism 2. ICF, ECF 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. Parasagittal 7. D, effectors 8. A, differentiation 9. C, hypogastric 10. C, 3 11. Axillary-armpit, inguinal-groin, cervical-neck, cranial-skull, oral-mouth, brachial-arm, orbital-eye, gluteal-buttock, buccal-cheek, cixal-hip 12. 1 superior, 12 superficial, 1superior and 6 lateral, 6 lateral, 4 posterior, 8 ipsilateral, 5 medial, 4 anterior, 2 inferior, 10 proximal 13. pericardial cavity, 1 cranial cavity, 3 thoracic cavity, 6 abdominal cavity, 5 pleural cavity, 7 pelvic cavity, 2 vertebral cavity 14. 6, 1, 11, 5, 10, 8, 7, 9, 4, 3, 2 Chapter 2 great review of all my chem. classes 1. Mass number 18 and 10 neutrorns = atomic number of 8 2. Solid, liquid, gas 3. Monosaccharides, amino acids 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. C6H12O6 and CH4 are considered compounds 8. Glucose + fructose = sucrose is a dehydration synthesis reaction 9. Proteins do not st ore energy 10. Lipids are triglycerides, steroids, and eicosanoids 11. E, salt 2. A, 1,2,3,and 4 13. E monosaccharide 14. 1, 2, 1, 4, 3 15. 11,1,8,3,7,4,5,9,10,12,6,2 Chapter 3 One of my favorite classes in undergrad was Genetics, already studied this, very interesting still, though, almost thought about getting into forensics after taking this class 1. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus 2. Apoptosis=pre-programmed cell death, necrosis=cell death by tissue damage 3. Teleomeres are special DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes 4. DNA sequence ATC = RNA sequence UAG 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. E isotonic soln. 9. C 10. Steps of protein synthesis: 1) attachment of RNA polymerase 2) transcription 3) detachment of RNA polymerase 4)modification on newly synthesized mRNA by snRNPs before leaving the nucleus and entering the cytoplasm 5)binding of mRNA to a ribosomal small sub-unit 6)binding of initiator tRNA to start codon on mRNA 7)joining of large and small ribosomal subunits to make a functioning ribosome 8) attachment of specific aa’s to tRNA 9)binding of anticodons of tRNA to codons of mRNA 10) aa’s joined together by peptise bonds 11) detachment of protein from ribosome when ribosome reaches the stop codon 11. Organelles that function in decomposition reactions: lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteosomes 12. C 13. 2, 3, 5, 7, 6, 8, 1, 4 14. 2, 9, 3, 5, 11, 8, 1, 6, 10, 7, 13, 4, 12 15. 3, 9, 1, 5, 11, 4, 8, 7, 2, 10, 6 Chapter 4 1. Epithelium, nervous, muscle, connective 2. Shape and number of layers 3. True 4. True 5. Skeletal is voluntarily controlled 6. Stratified squamous epithelium is Avascular 7. Goblet cells produce and release mucous 8. Cartilage is avascular, so it takes in fluids from surrounding tissues 9. Serous membrane covering the lungs= pleura 10. Exocytosis = merocrine gland 11. D 12. Gap junctions allow cwlls to communicate with each other 13. 4, 8, 5, 2, 6, 3, 1, 7 14. C, E, N, E, C, E, M, E, C, M, N, E, C, E, N 15. 3, 5, 8, 13, 9, 7, 11, 6, 2, 4, 10, 12, 1 Chapter 5 Studied this topic way too much when I worked in a tanning salon 1. Stratum lucidum 2. Eccrine sweat glands= most common, watery; ceruminous glands = ear; apocrine sweat glands = located axilla, groin, areolae, secrete viscous lipid-rich fluid 3. False 4. True 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Neuromuscular Junction: Self-Quiz Answers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Neuromuscular Junction: Self-Quiz Answers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Neuromuscular Junction: Self-Quiz Answers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Stratum basale = where stem cells are located, mitoses occurs 6. I already know all of this stuff, so I’ll stop here Chapter 6 1. Bone growth in length: interstitial growth. Bone growth in width: appositional 2. Crystallized inorganic mineral salts contributes to bone’s hardness. Tensile Strength is a combination of collagen and organic molecules. 3. Bone resorption involves increased activities of osteoclasts. T 4. Bone formation from cartilage is known as endochondral ossification. T 5. Bone growth is controlled primarily by hormones. T 6. Intramembranous ossification steps: d 1)clusters of osteoblasts form a center that secretes ecm 2)ecm hardens by deposition of Ca and mineral salts 3)bony matrices fuse to form trabeculae 4) periosteum develops 5) compact bone replaces spongy bone on the surface 7. Endochondral ossification steps: a 1) chondrocytes enlarge and calcify 2) nutrient artery invades the perichondrium 3) primary ossification center: osteoblasts activated 4) osteoclasts join the party and form the marrow cavity 5) secondary ossification center activated at epiphysis 8. Spongy bone differs from compact bone: it has trabeculae 9. Weight bearing exercise â€Å"maintains and increases† bone mass 10. Bone repair steps: 1)hematoma 2)migration of fibroblasts to fx site 3)fibrocartilaginous callus formation 4) bony callus formation 5)resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodeling 11. Zones at epiphyseal plate: 1) resting cartilage 2) proliferation 3) hypertrophic 4)calcified 12. 3,9,8,1,5,4,6,7,12,2,11,10 13. 2. 6. 4. 5. 7. 3. 1. 14. 12,4,8,6,3,9,13,10,7,5,2,11,1 15. ,7,6,1,4,,2,5,9,8,10 CHAPTER 7 Great chapter about the skeletal system learned alot 1. Membrane-filled spaces in the fetal skull : fontanels 2. Sphenoid bone- sella turcica- hypophyseal fossa- contains the pituitary gland 3. Fused vertebrae of the vertebral column : sacrum and coccyx 4. The atlanto-occipital joint allows you to nod your head â€Å"yes† 5. Ribs that are not attached to the sternum are true ribs. False 6. In which of the following bones are the paranasal sin uses not found. Lacrimal 7. Which of the following pairs are mismatched: sacrum: supports the lower back 8. Which of the following bones are not paired: vomer 9. Suture between the parietal and temporal bones: squamous suture 10. The primary vertebral curves present at birth: sacral curve and thoracic curve 11. Which of the following are f unctions of cranial bones? (All) protection of the brain, attachment of muscles that move the head, protection of the special sense organs, attachment of the meninges, attachment of muscles that produce facial expressions 12. Match the following. Crest: prominent ridge or elongated projection, meatus: tubelike opening, condyle: large round protuberance at end of a bone, facet: smooth flat articular surface, spinous process: sharp slender projection, foramen: opening for passage of nerves blood vessels or ligaments, tuberosity: large rounded dough projection, fossa: shallow depression, fissure: narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves 13. Match the following. Supraorbital foramen-frontal bone; temporalmandibular joint- articulation of mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone to the mandible; external auditory meatus- temporal bone; foramen magnum- occipital bone; optic foramen- sphenoid bone; cribriform plate- ethmoid bone; palatine process- maxillae; ramus- mandible; transverse foramen, bifid spinous process- cerviacal vertebrae; dens- axis; promontory- sacrum; costal cartilages- ribs; xiphoid process- sternum 14. 2,3,5,6,4,1,5,4,2,4,3 15. Match the following. Frontal bone-forms the forehead. emporal bones- form the interior aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor, medial wall of the orbits, superior portions of nasal septum, most of the side walls of the nasal cavity, and is a major supporting structure of the nasal cavity. Zygomatic bones- form the prominence of the cheek and part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit. Mandible- the largest, strongest facial bone and is the only movable skull bone. Vomer- a roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity, and one of the components of the nasal septum. Parietal bones- form greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity. Occipital bone- forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium and contains the foramen magnum. Sphenoid bone- called the keystone of the cranial floor, contains the sella turcica, optic foramen and pterygoid processes. Nasal bone- forms the bridge of the nose. Lacrimal bones- the smallest bones of the face, contain a vertical groove that houses a structure that gathers tears and passes them on to the nasal cavity. Hyoid bone- does not articulate with any other bone. Maxillae- unite to form upper jaw bone and articulate with every bone of the face except the mandible. Palatine bones- form the posterior part of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small of the floors of the orbits. Inferior nasal concha- scroll like bones that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and functions in the turbulent circulation and filtration of air. CHAPTER 8 I already know most of this stuff 1. The bones that comprise the palm are the metacarpals. 2. The three bones that comprise the hip bones are ilium, ischium, and pubis 3. The true pelvis is the part inferior to the pelvic brim, the false pelvis is superior to the brim 4. The largest carpal bone is the lunate. FALSE,( the largest bone is the capitate 5. The anterior joint formed by the two coxal bones is the pubic symphysis. TRUE 6. Which is true? Only 2†¦ although the joints of the pectoral girdle are not very stable, they allow free movement in many directions 7. True concerning the elbow joint: 1) when the forearm is extended the olecranon fossa receives the olecranon process. 3) the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum. ) the trochlea articulates with the trochlear notch and 5) the head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius. 8. The most superior tarsal that articulates with the tibia is the TALUS 9. Which is not true concerning the scapula? 2) The scapular notch accommodates the head of the humerus and 3) the scapula is also known as the collar bone 10. A decrease in the height of the medial longitunidal arch causes a consition known as clubfoot. FALSE 11. Which of the following are involved in the knee joint? B) lateral condyle of the tibia and e) medial condyle of the femur (the fibula does not articulate in the knee joint) 12. The greater sciatic notch is located in the ilium 13. Matching: 2,6,9,7,4,5,8,10,1,3 Chapter 9 working in orthopedics, I didn’t have to type out all the answers in detail here 1. Joint 2. Arthroplasty 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. Cartilaginous, synovial, fibirous 7. Gomphosis and suture 8. Osteoarthritis 9. Elevation and depression 10. Absorb shock at joints, lubricate joints, supply O2, provide phagocytes to remove debris from joints 11. 2,3,and4 12. All of the answers are correct 13. Suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis, synchrodrosis, symphysis, syntosis 14. Pivot joint, planar joint, condyloid joint, hinge joint, ball and socket joint, saddle joint Chapter 10 I used to work in a health club as an aerobics instructor 1. Motor unit 2. Atrophy 3. Acetylcholine 4. True 5. True 6. Latent period- brief delay between stimulus and contraction 7. Mismatched- titin 8. Thick filaments slide inward toward the M-line : is incorrect 9. If sarcomeres shorten, tension increases : is not true 10. Creatine phosphate, glycolysis, anaerobic, aerobic 11. The myosin heads would be unable to detach from actin 12. 5,6,9,7,2,4,10,3,1,8 13. 7,10,9,12,8,11,6,1,2,3,4,13,5 14. 2,3,1,1 and 2, 3,2,1,3,1 and 2, 3, 2 and 3, 3 Chapter 11 this is a chapter I need to learn about 1. The major muscle of the cheek is the buccinators 2. the three superficial posterior plantar flexors of the leg are the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris 3. True: longer fibers in a muscle result in greater range of motion. 4. True: when flexing the forearm, the biceps brachii acts as the prime mover and the triceps acts as the antagonist. 5. The gracilis muscle does not flex the thigh . The iliotibial tract is composed of the tendon of the gluteus maximus, the deep fascia that encircles the thigh, and the tendon of the tensor fascia latae 7. In order for movement to occur: 1) muscles generally need to cross a joint, 3) muscles that move a body part cannot cover the body part, and 4) muscles need to exert force on the tendons that pull on the bones 8. Muscle that aids in â€Å"pouting†: mentalis 9. The rectus femoris has fascicles arranged on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon, this Is known as bipennate 10. Which name is mismatched? E) serratus anterior: comblike muscle located on the anterior surface of the body 11. Fixator: muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover. Antagonist: muscle that stretches to allow desired motion. Synergist: muscle that contracts to stabilize intermediate joints. Compartment: group of muscles, along with their blood and nerves, that have a common function. Prime mover (agonist): contracting muscle that produces the desired motion. 12. 13,9,8,6,3,11,10,1,2,7,12,4,5 13. Quadriceps femoris muscle: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius. Hamstrings: biceps femoris, semitendonosus, semimembranosus. Largest muscle mass of the back: erector spinae, includes spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis groups. Intrinsic muscle groups of the hands: thenar, hypoothenar, intermediate. Constitute flexor compartment of the arm: biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis. Swimmer’s muscle: latissimus dorsi. Muscles that strengthen and stabilize the shoulder joint (rotator cuff): subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor. Breathing muscles: diaphragm, external and internal intercostals. Posterior thoracic muscles: trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor. 14. Muscle of facial expression: orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major. Muscle of mastication: masseter, temporalis. Muscle that moves the eyeball: superior rectus. Extrinsic muscle that moves the tongue: styloglossus. Supra hyoid muscle: digastrics. Muscle of the perineum: external anal sphincter. Muscle that moves the head: sternocleidomastoid. Abdominal wall muscle: rectus abdominus, external oblique. Pelvic floor muscle: levator ani. Pectoral girdle muscle: trapezius. Muscle that moves the humerus: deltois, latissimus dorsi. Muscle that moves the radius and ulna: triceps brachii, pronater teres. Muscle that moves the wrist hands and digits: flexor carpi radialis. Muscle that moves the vertebral column: iliocostalis thoracis. Muscle that moves the femur: gluteus maximus. Muscle that acts on the femur, tibia and fibula: quadriceps femoris. Muscle that moves the foot and toes: tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius. 15. Third class lever: most common in the body, eg: adduction of the thigh, FEL. Second class lever: always produces a mechanical advantage, produce the most force, FLE. First class lever: lever formed by the head resting on the neck, EFL. CHAPTER 12 1. The subdivisions of the PNS are somatic, autonomic and enteric. 2. The two divisions on the autonomic nervous system are sympathetic and parasympathetic. 3. False: at a chemical synapse between two neurons, the neuron receiving the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron sending the signal is called the post synaptic neuron. 4. False: neurons in the PNS are always capable of repair while those in the CNS are not. 5. Which statements are true? 1) the sensory function of the nervous system involves sensory receptors sensing certain changes in the internal and external environments. ) sensory neurons receive electrical signals from sensory receptors. 3) the integrative function of the nervous system involves analyzing sensory information, storing some of it, and making decisions regarding appropriate responses. 5) motor function involves the activation of effextors (muscle and glands). 6. A neurons resting membrane potential is established and maintained by 3) difference s in both ion concentrations and electrical gradients, 4) the fact that there are numerous large, nondiffusible anions in the cytosol, and 5) Na-K pumps that help maintain the proper distribution of Na and K. . Correct order of the events in a chemical synapse: 2) arrival of a nerve impulse at the pre-synaptic neurons synaptic end bulb (or varicosity) 4)inward flow of Ca through activatedvoltage-gated Ca channels in the synaptic end bulb membrane 5) exocytosis of synaptic vesicles 1) release of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft 7) binding of neurotransmitters to receptors in the postsynaptic neurons plasma membrane 6) opening of ligand gated channels on the post synaptic membrane 3) either depolarization or hyperpolarization of post synaptic membrane 8. Several neurons in the brain sending impulses to a single motor neuron that terminates at the NMJ is an example of a converging circuit. 9. Which of the following are true? 1) if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than the threshold of stimulation, the result is a subthreshold EPSP. ) if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitiory effect and reaches or surpasses the threshold level of stimulation, the result is a threshold or suprathreshold ESPS and one or more nerve impulses 3) if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory effect, the membrane hyperpolarizes, resulting in inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron and the inability of the neuron to generate an impulse. 0. Which of the following are true? 2) ion channels allow for the development of graded potentials and action potentials 3) voltage gated channels open in response to changes in membrane potential 4) ligand gated channels open due to the presence of specific chemicals 5 ) a graded potential is useful for communication over long distances 11. Which of the following are true? ) The frequency of impulses and number of activated sensory neurons encodes differences in stimuli intensity 2) larger-diameter axons conduct nerve impulses faster than smaller diameter ones. 4) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath is an important factor that determines the speed of nerve impulse propagation 12. Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by 2) diffusion away from the cleft, 4) enzymatic breakdown, and 5) cellular uptake 13. )Astrocytes: maintain the chemical environment 2) oligodendrocytes: provide myelin sheath 3) ganglia: cluster of cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord 4) ependymal cells: form CSF and assist in circulation 5) satellite cells: support neurons in PNS ganglia 6) gray matter: contain mostly cell bodies 7) white matter: contain mostly myelinated axons 8) enteric plexus: extensive neuronal networks that help regulat e the digestive system 9) microglia: small phagocytic neuroglia 10) Schwann cells: provide myelin sheath for PNS axons 11) nucleus: a cluster of cell bodies within the CNS 12) nerve: bundles of axons and associated connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS 13) multipolar neuron: neurons having several dendrites and one axon, most common 14) bipolar neuron: neurons witih one main axon and one axon, found in the retina of the eye 15) unipolar neuron: neurons with just one process extending from the cell body, are always sensory, located in PNS 14. 1) Action potential: a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decreases and eventually reverses the membrane potential and then restores it to the resting state (a nerve impulse) 2) graded potential: a small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more or less polarized. ) IPSP: hyper-polarization of the post-synaptic membrane 4) EPSP: depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane 5) absolute refra ctory period: time where there cannot be another action potential, even with a strong stimulus 6) relative refractory period: an action potential can only occur with a very strong stimulus 7) spatial summation: results from the buildup of nt released simultaneously from several pre-synaptic bulbs 8) temporal summation: results from buildup of nt from the rapid, successive release by a single pre-synaptic end bulb 9)depolarizing graded potential: polarization is less negative than the resting level 10) hyperpolarizing graded potential: polarization is more negative than the resting level 15. ) neurolemma: the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell 2) Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in the myelin sheath of the axon 3) Nissl bodies: rough ER in neurons, site of protein synthesis 4) neurofibrils: form the cytoskeleton of the neuron 5) axon hillock: area where the axon joins the cell body 6) initial segment: first portion of the axon, closest to the axon hillock 7) trigger zone: ar ea where nerve impulses arise Chapter 13 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 1. Spinal nerves are considered mixed nerves 2. Reflec arc: sensory receptorsensory neuronintegration centermotor neuroneffector 3. T 4. F 5. True statements: stretch reflex helps maintain muscle tone, the Achilles reflex is an example of a stretch reflex, spinal nerves T2-T12 do not enter into the formation of a plexus 6. Sensory receptor is activated by stimulus-sensory neuron relays info to spinal cordimpulse travels through dorsal root of spinal nerveintegration centers interpret sensory impulses and then generate motor I mpulsesimpulses travel through ventral root of spinal nervemotor impulse reaches muscle, causing withdrawal of affected limb 7. Endoneurium surrounds each individual axon 8. Tracts of the posterior column are 1)conscious proprioception, 2)touch, 3)pressure, 4)vibration 9. Lateral corticospinal is a motor tract 10. Interfere with the flow of sensory impulses 11. False statement: the two main spinal cord sensory pathways are spinothalamic and anterior columns 12. True: anterior grey horns contain cell bodies that cause muscle contraction, cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons are located in the lateral grey horns, gray matter in the spinal cord consists of cell bodies, neuroglia, unmylelinated axons, dendrites of interneurons and motor neurons 13. A) stretch reflex b) muscle spindles monitor changes in muscle length c)crossed extensor reflex helps maintain balance d)tendon reflex causes muscle relaxation when the force becomes too extreme e)monosynaptic reflex involves one sensory and one motor neuron g) contralateral reflex arc sensory impulse enters one side and motor impulse exits the other side h) intersegmental reflex arc occurs when the sensory impulse travels up and down the spinal cord thereby activation several motor neurons and more than one effector o) reciprocal innervations 14. Plexus- the joining together of the rami of adjacent nerves. Cervical enlargement- area of cord that serves the upper limbs. Lumbar enlargement- serves the lower limbs. Central canal- space filled with CSF. Denticulate ligaments- extending the length of the spinal cord, these pia mater thickenings, fuse with the arachnoid mater and dura mater and help protect the s pinal cord from shock and sudden displacement. 15. Cervical plexus: C1-C4, and some of C5, phrenic nerve arises from this plexus, supplies the skin and muscles of the head and neck and superior part of the chest and shoulders, damage to this plexus can affect breathing. Brachial plexus: part of C5, C6-T1, median nerve arises from this plexus, supplies the shoulders and upper limbs. Lumbar plexus: L1-L4, femoral nerve, supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower limbs. Sacral Plexux: L4-S4, sciatic nerve, supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs. Coccygeal plexus: S4-S5, supplies a small area of skin in the coccygeal region. Chapter 14 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 1. The cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum. 2. Five lobes of the brain are frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula. 3. The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebrum into right and left halves 4. False: the brain stem c onsists of the medulla, pons, and the diencephalon 5. True: as you confidently answer questions, your brain is exhibiting beta waves 6. Regulation of the body temperature is not a function of the thalamus. 7. False: an interruption of blood flow to the brain for even 20 seconds may impair brain function 8. Which ways does CSF contribute to homeostasis? Mechanical and chemical protection, and circulation 9. Functions of the hypothalamus: 1) production of hormones oxytocin and ADH 2) regulation of emotional and behavior patterns, 3) control of the ANS 4) regulation of eating and drinking 5) control of body temperature 6) regulation of circadian rhythms 10. False: the internal capsule is an example of a commissural tract (eg. The corpus callosum in is a commissural tract) 11. True: hemispheric lateralization is more pronounced in males than in females 12. Cranial nerves: I-olfactory, sensory, smell. II-optic, sensory. III-occulomotor, motor, intrinsic eye muscles. IV-trochlear, motor, superior oblique muscle, only nerve that initiates dorsally. V-trigeminal, mixed, functions in chewing. VI-abducens, motor, lateral rectus muscle of the eye, originates from the pons. VII- facial, mixed, facial expressions, secretion of saliva and tears. VIII- vestibulocochlear, sensory, hearing and equilibrium. IX-glossopharyngeal, mixed, secretion of saliva, taste, regulation of blood pressure, and muscle sense. X-vagus, mixed, secretion of digestive fluids, and much more. XI-accessory, motor, swallowing and head movements. XII-hypoglossal, functions during speech and swallowing. 13. Limbic system- emotional brain, involved in olfaction and memory. Pons- bridges connecting parts of the brain, site of pneumotaxic and apneustic areas. Thalamus- sensory relay area, plays an essential role in awareness and in acquisition of knowledge and cognition. Reticular formation- alerts the cerebral cortex of incoming messages. Circumventricular organs- lack a blood brain barrier, monitor chemical changes in the blood. Medulla oblongata- site of decussation of pyramids. Pineal gland- secretes melatonin. Reticular Activation System- responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep. Hypothalamus- regulates the ANS, produces hormones that regulate endocrine function. Midbrain- contains reflex centers for movements of the eyes head and neck in response to visual and other stimuli, and reflex center for movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. Basal Ganglia- several groups of nuclei that control large autonomic movements of skeletal muscles and help regulate muscle tone required for specific body movements. 14. Gyri- folds in the cerebral cortex. Internal capsule- a thick band of sensory and motor tracts that connect the cerebral cortex with the brain stem and spinal cord. Mammillary bodies- located in the hypothalamus, relay station for reflexes related to smell. Tentorium cerebella- dura mater extention that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum. Pyramids- protrusions in the medulla formed by the large corticospinal tracts. Falx cerebella- dura mater extension that separates the two sides of the cerebellum. Septum pellucidum- thin membranous partition between the lateral ventricles. Cerebellar peduncles- bundles of white matter (axons) that relay info between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain. Falx cerebri- dura matter that separates the two sides of the cerebrum. Sulci- shallow grooves in the cerebral cortex. Arachnoid villi- finger like extensions that reabsorb CSF 15. Somatasensory association area- integration and interpretation of somatic sensations, comparison of past to present sensations. Visual association area- allows recognition and evaluation of visual experiences. Frontal eye field- involved in scanning eye movements. Broca’s area- allows planning and production of speech. Auditory association area- allows for interpretation of sounds as speech, music, or noise. Premotor area- coordinates muscle movement for complex, learned sequential motor activities. Wernicke’s area- translates works into thoughts. Common integrative area- receives impulses from many sensory and association areas as well as the thalamus and brain stem, allows formation of thoughts so appropriate action can occur. Orbitofrontal cortex- allows you to discriminate among different odors Chapter 15 The AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Ach, epinephrine, NE 2. Thoracolumbar, craniosacral 3. True 4. True 5. False statement: d 6. Autonomic plexus that supplies the large intestine: inferior and superior mesenteric 7. True statements: the somatic NS and the ANS both include sensory and motor neurons. The effect of an autonomic motor neuron is either excitation or inhibition, but that of somatic motor neuron is always excitation. Autonomic sensory neurons are mostly associated with interoceptors. Autonomic motor pathways consist of two motor neurons in series. 8. False statement: c 9. True statements: MAO breaks down NE. A beta blocker works by preventing activation of beta receptors by epinephrine and NE. Activation of nicotinic receptors always causes excitation of the post-synaptic cell. 10. Cholinergic neurons: all sympathetic preganglionic neurons, arasympathetic preganglionic neurons, all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, some sympathetic postganglionic neurons 11. All are true 12. 1,3,4 13. Receptor sensory neuron integrating center preganglionic neuron autonomic ganglion postganglionic neuron effec tor Chapter 16 SENSORY, MOTOR, AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS 1. Sensation, perception 2. Dessucation 3. False 4. True 5. Lack of sensation could occur because 1)the stimulus was not in the receptive field, 2) the generator potentential did not reach its threshold, 3) there is damage to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex 6. C 7. Referred pain is pain felt in an area for away from the affected organ. Nociceptors exhibit very little adaptation. 8. B 9. D 10. E 11. REM sleep: neuronal activity on the pons and midbrain is high, most somatic neurons is inhibited, most freaming occurs 12. False statement: a receptor potential generates nerve impulses in a second order neuron 13. Posterior column- composed of axons of first order neurons, include the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus. Spinothalamic pathway – carries impulses for pain, temperature, tickling, and itching. Spinocerebellar tracts- major routes relaying proprioceptive input to the cerebellum, critical for posture, balance and coordination. Lateral corticospinal tracts- contains motor neurons that control skilled movements of hands and feet. Anterior corticospinal tract- contain motor neurons that coordinate movements of the axial skeleton. Corticobulbar tracts- contains axons that convey impulses for precise, voluntary movements of the eyes tongue and neck, plus chewing, facial expression, and speech. Pyramidal pathways- direct pathways conveying impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord that result in precise voluntary movements. Extrapyramidal pathways- tracts include rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and medial reticulospinal. Primary motor area- located in the pre-central gyrus, the major control region of the cerebral cortex for initiation of voluntary movements. Basal Ganglia- contain neurons that help initiate and terminate movements, can suppress unwanted movements, and influence muscle tone. Trigeminothalamic pathway- carries impulses for most somatic sensations from the face, nasal cavity, oral cavity and teeth. 14. Exteroceptors receptors located near or at the external surface of the body. Interoceptors receptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles and nervous system. Proprioceptors receptors located in muscles, tendons and joints, and inner ear, that provide information about body position, muscle tension, and position and activity of joints. 15. Merkel discs type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors that function in touch. Ruffini corpsucles type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors, most sensitive to stretching that occurs as digits or limbs move Chapter 17 The Special Senses 1. The five senses are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (MSG) 2. Static equilibrium refers to the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity: Dynamic equilibrium refers to the maintenance of body position in response to rotational acceleration or deceleration. 3. True: of all special senses, only smell and taste sensations project both higher cortical areas and limbic system. 4. False: the ability to change the curvature of the lens for near vision is convergence. 5. True statements: 1) the sites of olfactory transduction are olfactory hairs 3) the axons of olfactory receptors pass through the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. 5) within the olfactory bulbs, the first order neurons synapse with second order neurons. 6. The false statement: Olfactory receptors respond to the chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule by producing a receptor potential. 7. The incorrect statement: the threshold for bitter substances is the highest. 8. When viewing an object close to the eyes, the following are required for proper formation on the retina: 1) increased curvature of the lens, 2) contraction of the ciliary muscle 4) refraction of light at the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea 9. Which is ismatched: filiform papillae – contain tastebuds in early childhood 10. Order of the visual pathway: cornea aqueous humor - pupil - lens - vitreous body - photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - o ptic chiasm - optic tract - thalamus - visual cortex 11. Incorrect statement : retinal is a derivative of vitamin C 12. Order of the auditory pathway: external auditory canal - tympanic membrane - Auditory ossicles - oval window - cochlea - spiral organ 13. 1) palpebrae- upper and lower eyelids, shade the eyes during sleep and spread lubricating secretions over the eyeball. ) tarsal or Meibomian glands, modified sebaceous glands, secretion help keep eyelids from adhering to one another 3) conjunctiva, membrane that lines the inner aspect of the eye, passes from the eyelids to the sclera 4) eyelashes, protect eyeballs from debris, perspiration, and direct rays from the sun 5) lacrimal apparatus, produces and drains tears 6) extrinsic eye muscles, move the eyeballs medially, laterally, superior and inferior 7) eyebrows, arch transversely above the eyes, help protect similar to that of eyelashes 8) tarsal plate, thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids 14. 3,6,9,14,1,5,10,13,7,15,2,11,12,4,8 15. 2,11,14,13,3,10, 6, 12,4,5,9,1,7,8

Flotation Method in Archaeology

Flotation Method in Archaeology Archaeological flotation is a laboratory technique used to recover tiny artifacts and plant remains from soil samples. Invented in the early 20th century, flotation is today still one of the most common ways to retrieve carbonized plant remains from archaeological contexts. In flotation, the technician places dried soil on a screen of mesh wire cloth, and water is gently bubbled up through the soil. Less dense materials such as seeds, charcoal, and other light material (called the light fraction) float up, and tiny pieces of stone called microliths or micro-debitage, bone fragments, and other relatively heavy materials (called the heavy fraction) are left behind on the mesh. History of the Method The earliest published use of water separation dates to 1905, when German Egyptologist Ludwig Wittmack used it to recover plant remains from ancient adobe brick. The widespread use of flotation in archaeology was the result of a 1968 publication by archaeologist Stuart Struever who used the technique on the recommendations of botanist Hugh Cutler. The first pump-generated machine was developed in 1969 by David French for use at two Anatolian sites. The method was first applied in southwest Asia at Ali Kosh in 1969 by Hans Helbaek; machine-assisted flotation was first conducted at Franchthi cave in Greece, in the early 1970s. The Flote-Tech, the first standalone machine to support flotation, was invented by R.J. Dausman in the late 1980s. Microflotation, which uses glass beakers and magnetic stirrers for gentler processing, was developed in the 1960s for use by various chemists but not extensively used by archaeologists until the 21st century. Benefits and Costs The reason for the initial development of archaeological flotation was efficiency: the method allows for the rapid processing of many soil samples and the recovery of small objects which otherwise might only be collected by laborious hand-picking. Further, the standard process uses only inexpensive and readily available materials: a container, small-sized meshes (250 microns is typical), and water. However, plant remains are typically quite fragile, and, beginning as early as the 1990s, archaeologists became increasingly aware that some plant remains split open during water flotation. Some particles can completely disintegrate during water recovery, particularly from soils recovered in arid or semi-arid locations. Overcoming the Shortcomings The loss of plant remains during flotation is often linked to extremely dry soil samples, which can result from the region in which they are collected. The effect has also been associated with concentrations of salt, gypsum, or calcium coating of the remains. In addition, the natural oxidation process that occurs within archaeological sites converts charred materials which are originally hydrophobic to hydrophilic- and thus easier to disintegrate when exposed to water. Wood charcoal is one of the most common macro-remains found in archaeological sites. The lack of visible wood charcoal in a site is generally considered the result of the lack of preservation of the charcoal rather than the lack of a fire. The fragility of wood remains is associated with the state of the wood on burning: healthy, decayed, and green wood charcoals decay at different rates. Further, they have different social meanings: burned wood might have been building material, fuel for fire, or the result of brush clearing. Wood charcoal is also the main source for radiocarbon dating. The recovery of burned wood particles is thus an important source of information about the occupants of an archaeological site and the events that happened there. Studying Wood and Fuel Remains Decayed wood is particularly underrepresented at archaeological sites, and as today, such wood was often preferred for hearth fires in the past. In these cases, standard water flotation exacerbates the problem: charcoal from decayed wood is extremely fragile. Archaeologist Amaia Arrang-Oaegui found that certain woods from the site of Tell Qarassa North in southern Syria were more susceptible to being disintegrated during water processing- particularly Salix. Salix (willow or osier) is an important proxy for climate studies- its presence within a soil sample can indicate riverine microenvironments- and its loss from the record is a painful one. Arrang-Oaegui suggests a method for recovering wood samples that begins with hand-picking a sample before its placement in water to see if wood or other materials disintegrate. She also suggests that using other proxies such as pollen or phytoliths as indicators for the presence of plants, or ubiquity measures rather than raw counts as statistical indicators. Archaeologist Frederik Braadbaart has advocated the avoidance of sieving and flotation where possible when studying ancient fuel remains such as hearths and peat fires. He recommends instead a protocol of geochemistry based on elemental analysis and reflective microscopy. Microflotation The microflotation process is more time consuming and costly than traditional flotation, but it does recover more delicate plant remains, and is less costly than geochemical methods. Microflotation was used successfully to study soil samples from coal-contaminated deposits at Chaco Canyon. Archaeologist K.B. Tankersley and colleagues used a small (23.1 millimeters) magnetic stirrer, beakers, tweezers, and a scalpel to examine samples from 3-centimeter soil cores. The stirrer bar was placed at the bottom of a glass beaker and then rotated at 45-60 rpm to break the surface tension. The buoyant carbonized plant parts rise and the coal drops out, leaving wood charcoal suitable for AMS radiocarbon dating. Sources: Arranz-Otaegui A. 2016. Evaluating the impact of water flotation and the state of the wood in archaeological wood charcoal remains: Implications for the reconstruction of past vegetation and identification of firewood gathering strategies at Tell Qarassa North (south Syria). Quaternary International In pressBraadbaart F, van Brussel T, van Os B, and Eijskoot Y. 2017. Fuel remains in archaeological contexts: Experimental and archaeological evidence for recognizing remains in hearths used by Iron Age farmers who lived in peatlands. The Holocene:095968361770223.Hunter AA, and Gassner BR. 1998. Evaluation of the Flote-Tech machine-assisted flotation system. American Antiquity 63(1):143-156.Marekovic S, and Ã…  oÃ… ¡taric R. 2016. A comparison of the influences of flotation and wet sieving on certain carbonized legume and cereal remains. Acta Botanica Croatica 75(1):144-148.Rossen J. 1999. The Flote-Tech flotation machine: Messiah or mixed blessing? American Antiquity 64(2):370-372.Tanker sley KB, Owen LA, Dunning NP, Fladd SG, Bishop KJ, Lentz DL, and Slotten V. 2017. Micro-flotation removal of coal contaminants from archaeological radiocarbon samples from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12(Supplement C):66-73.

Number the Stars essays

Number the Stars essays Number the Stars was about a family who lives in Copenhagen, Denmark take in a Jewish girl to protect her from the Nazis that are taking over Denmark. Meanwhile, Ellens parents go with one of the Johansens family friends named Peter Neilsen. He was the fianc of their deceased daughter, Lise. The first night of having Ellen, Mr. And Mrs. Johansen had planned out what to do if the Nazis were to come to their apartment that night. They told Ellen that she was supposed to be, Lise Johansen. Lise is the deceased child of Mr. And Mrs. Johansen. She died a couple years back in a car accident. Later that evening when Ellen AKA Lise, Mr. And Mrs. Johansen, and Kirsti, Annemaries little sister, and Annemarie were is bed; there was a knock at the door. It was the Nazis. They stepped into the apartment knowing that the Rosens might be here since they also knew they were friends. They searched the apartment. When Annemarie heard the noise, she woke up Ellen. She told her to take off the Star of David that way the Nazis didnt know that she was Jewish. They introduced her with kindness like she was their own daughter. They kind of thought that she wasnt part of the family because she had dark hair. Mr. Rosen then pulled out some baby pictures and showed the soldier that she had dark hair as a baby. They tore them up and left. After a week or so, Mr. And Mrs. Johansen decided to move in with Annemaries uncle, Uncle Henrik. They would be safer there without the Nazis more at there back then at Denmark. He lived by the sea and was a fisherman. Then one day out of the blue, Annemaries uncle and her mother tell Annemarie, Ellen, and Kirsti that that night there was going to be a ceremony for Annemaries Great Aunt Birte. Annemarie knew all of her family from stories and pictures and knew that her own family was lying to her. Something was wrong, she thought. She ...

Homeland Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Homeland Security - Assignment Example I chose to study the New Town High School because this is the school that my daughter attends. She is involved in a number of the school activities, both curricular and co-curricular ones. Besides, this school is in my community and my neighbors’ children attend the same school. For these reasons, any security threat to the school is also a threat to our community; hence it is our responsibility to oversee the security of the school Interviews I interviewed the school principal, a teacher, a parent from the parent teachers’ committee, my daughter, and a junior student. The school principal has a good knowledge of security issues that the school faces, and takes part in formulation of policies that are instituted to address the issues. The teacher has been a member of staff for four years now and his interaction with both the students and administration enables him to access information from the two sides. The parent from the parent teachers’ committee has been a member of the committee for three years now. She interacts with students through her daughter who is a student in the school, and with teachers and faculty in the board. Being a parent in the school, she is concerned about the security issue of the school and lives in the same community the school is in and will give valuable information. My daughter is currently a senior in the school having attended it for the past four years. She actively participates in the school functions such as drills enabling her to interact with other students in an informal capacity, thus being able to pick up any useful information. Lastly, I will interview one junior student who, just like my daughter, participates in a number of activities in the school. The names of the two interviewees are withheld for obvious security reasons. Interviewer: Mr. Principal, could you please tell us the greatest challenges to security and safety of students and staff in the school. Principal: The greatest security chall enges are the manmade threats such as terrorist threats, arson, computer malware, and unprofessional conduct. This is because while we are able to predict and control or prevent natural disasters, we are not able to easily detect and prevent manmade threats because of their malicious intents. The school’s intelligence services are not so sophisticated to get hold of malicious plans beforehand, thus prevention is difficult. Interviewer: What measures has the administration put in place to keep the school safe from natural disasters. Principal: When constructing the premises, we ensured that they were away from fault lines that could lead to earthquakes. We are in constant touch with the meteorological department for any updates on looming disasters. With the break of avian and swine flu, we increased the stock in our clinic with sufficient equipment to detect and treat such pandemics. Besides, our hygiene standards are good with qualified personnel to keep such sanitation outb reaks away. Interviewer: Your school comprises a majority of black students. How are you able to ascertain that they are not a security threat, especially with respect to drug and gang activities. Principal: We are in the process of instituting a full time intelligence service with the help of the Department of Homeland Security. So far, we just look out for any strange activity among the students and investigate. Interviewer: What

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay Example Unilever was one of the first to recognize the importance of strategic knowledge management, having accumulated extensive evidence on its development and implementation in a wide organizational context. The idea of knowledge creation and knowledge transfer is central for the whole paper. The literature on strategic knowledge management identifies these two key processes to be major components of knowledge management process. Both significantly influence organisation’s success. â€Å"All managers must manage knowledge. Knowledge must not only be gained, but shared throughout the organization. This ability to create and transfer knowledge will be the key to competitive success† (Higgins & Vincze, 1993). Both knowledge creation and transfer became even more indispensable to companies operating in modern global markets, as knowledge management and accelerated innovation emerged to be crucial success factors for global competition in the 21st century. (Cumming & Wilson, 2003 ) Von Krogh, Nonaka & Aben (2001) identified that the primary purpose of knowledge creation is to advance the company’s potential of creating innovation and to reduce the time span to the market success of new products / services introduced by the company. Usually knowledge creation is pursued using small-sized groups of 5-15 specialists that actually develop collective tacit knowledge through an extensive experience and discussion of new business processes, products, use of technologies, etc.

Mona Lisa - The Enigmatic Meaning Essay Example for Free

Mona Lisa The Enigmatic Meaning Essay The Enigmatic Meaning They call her â€Å"The Enigmatic Woman,† yet the painting at first glance is quite banal. It looks a lot like any run of the mill portrait with the subject positioned in the center while she sits facing and staring directly at the viewer. Even the colors are boring in this painting with its abundance of earth tones with different mellow shades of faded green, brown, blue, and burnt orange. The picture itself is only 30†x21† which is about double the size of the average college textbook. With all of the hallmarks of a picture that most people would discard, it is quite an enigma as to why the world has been obsessed with the â€Å"Mona Lisa† for over 500 years. In â€Å"Ways of Seeing† John Berger, an art historian and novelist (only a tiny sample of the different ways I could title this Renaissance man), offers his readers a way into understanding the moment captured in paintings, especially mysterious paintings like the â€Å"Mona Lisa.† He suggests that viewers ask questions about and to the painting as way into entering into a sort of dialogue with the artist and his or her subject. By asking the appropriate questions, I was able to get a bit of a grasp on exactly why this enigmatic woman’s gaze has been capturing the rest of the world’s for so long, but I was also left questioning Berger’s theory. Berger encourages everyone with an interest in art to complete this process in order to fight against the â€Å"mystification† of classic paintings, but sometimes mystification is part of the experience of enjoying art and there is merit in that as well. As the title of the essay hints, Berger believes that â€Å"Every image embodies a Way of Seeing† (99 My Italics), meaning that every image also includes the perspective of the artist to the subject. Once a reader can start to grasp where the artist is coming from in relation to what he is painting, then the image may start to make sense. As an example of this process Berger examines â€Å"Regents of the Old Men’s Alms House† by Frans Hals, which is depicted below: Berger contextualizes the pictures by first inquiring into the artist’s social status at the time. During the commission of the painting Hals was â€Å"an old man of over eighty, [and] was destitute† (101). These wealthy men that Hals depicted gave him â€Å"three loads of peat† (101), or rotting vegetation, for this portrait. With those facts in mind, Berger comes to the conclusion that there is a sense of bitterness in the perspective of the painting, which may be why Hals depicted the third man from the right as being drunk. Berger argues that the man’s expression and hat are not necessarily a result of facial paralysis and fashion as art historians argue, but part of the â€Å"drama of these paintings† (102) which in this case is an old pauper struggling with his feelings of these men while trying to stay objective in his depiction of them; therefore, he let a glimpse of the truth out, a glimpse at these regents’ corruption. So, how does one begin to ask questions about the â€Å"Mona Lisa†? Perhaps it is best to start the same way that Berger does, by understanding who the artist was at the time of the painting. According to the Louvre’s official website, (the museum where the painting hangs) the painting is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506. Leonardo da Vinci, the artist, would have been just over fifty at the time. Kenneth Clark from The Burlington Magazine explains that â€Å"after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished.† In 1516 the king of France invited him to work on a project. BBC contributor Bob Chaundy believes that da Vinci took Mona Lisa with him to continue working on it until his death in 1519. So what we have is man nearing the end of his life working on a seemingly personal project (since he took it with him everywhere), a project that he felt he never finished. The next obvious question: who is the woman? According to the Louvre, the model was Lisa Gherardini who was by all accounts an average Italian middle-class mother to five children. Her husband, Francesco Giocondo, commissioned da Vinci to paint the portrait as a way to celebrate the new Giocondo home and the arrival of their second son. Essentially, Mona Lisa, My Lady Lisa, is a housewife put on a pedestal. She is arguably the most glorified housewife of all time. With an understanding of the artist and the subject, it is time to ask, â€Å"what is the perspective here?† What point of view was da Vinci trying to give his audience? Knowing the information that I do, it is hard to even suggest that there was an audience for the painting. The accounts suggest that da Vinci painted and gave what he was commissioned to Gioncondo, but he kept one of the original sketches to keep working on. In other words, the Mona Lisa the world knows today was really for da Vinci’s eyes only. The portrait is an intimate depiction perhaps of someone who baffled da Vinci’s sensibilities. Of all the different subjects and models da Vinci painted, it was a middle-class mother who captivated his attention. Perhaps da Vinci could not even wrap his own mind around why she was so enthralling and so spent the rest of his life trying to capture that â€Å"it factor† she seemed to exude. In a sense, da Vinci was trying to capture the feeling of love at first sight, the feeling of being completely attracted to someone and not knowing why. So how does this feeling of awe-inspiring adoration flow over into the other stylistic elements of the portrait? Most people tend to comment on her eyes and her smile, and if you notice, they do not really seem to correspond to each other. If you only look at her eyes and cover her mouth, the eyes give a sense that she is giving a much broader smile than she actually is since the eyes are wrinkled and upturned. The high placement of the cheekbones also lend to this interpretation. The rest of the portrait with the conservative colored clothes and pose do not exude the sense of joviality that the eyes give. Those eyes that seem to contradict the other aspects of the portrait are also paradoxically the focus since many people comment on how Lisa’s gaze seems to follow you wherever you go. Her eyes tell you one thing, and the rest of her tells you another. She feels two emotions simultaneously, and that is mysterious. Many people also tend to comment on the background since it is not based on any real location (BBC). It is almost other-worldly, alien in that sense. In the same way that she can feel two emotions at the same time, it is as if she can be in two places at the same time since she is posed in between two  manmade columns on a balcony; she is simultaneously human and extraterrestrial. The colors of the background also give this sense since they are split into two. The top half is bluish green in its depiction of the sky, water, and trees while the lower half is brown and orange in its depiction of the land. Finally, her equilateral triangle pose really seems to seal this reading, for what is a triangle but the convergence of two opposite points on a single point? Mona Lisa is that point of convergence. She is place where two emotions can converge. She is the place where terrestrial and extraterrestrial converge. She is the point where a mundane housewife converges with an iconoclast of the world. She is the epitome of mystery since she cannot be pinned down to just one thing. Mystery, though, is what John Berger is fighting against. He wants to take what he calls the â€Å"bogus religiosity† (109) that mystifies art out of the equation by giving people the tools they need to make meaning on their own. He believes that art critics and historians mystify by â€Å"explaining away what might otherwise be evident† (103); in a sense they try to confuse interpretations that might be obvious through academic discourse and elitism. But what happens when the point is mystification? When the point of the painting is to leave the viewer confused? Is not there a place for that in art also? If it was not for this mysteriousness that Lisa creates, would anyone care? I think not. â€Å"Works Cited† page deleted

Multiple Sclerosis Essay example -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It most commonly occurs in individuals between the ages of twenty and forty (1) and in higher numbers of women than men (2). In Multiple Sclerosis (or "MS") a loss of the nerves' axon coating myelin prohibits the nerve axons from efficiently conducting action and synaptic potentials. Scar tissue (called plaques or lesions) forms at the points where demyelination occurs in the brain and spinal cord, hence the name "Multiple Sclerosis"or "many scars" (3). The demyelination found in MS is thought to be caused by an autoimmune process, in which the body's immune system attacks its own healthy tissue (4). Other diseases thought to have an autoimmune basis are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus and the insulin dependent form of diabetes mellitus(5). In the immune system, there are two types of white blood cells, B-cells and T-cells. T-cells exist in three forms, all responsible for different immune system responses. Helper T-cells recognize foreign antigens (the substance the immune system aims to destroy), stimulate antibody production, and produce cytokines (chemicals which act as biological messengers) which activate other T-cells. These T-cells are able to recognize antigens through their receptors, made of protein molecules that selectively bind to certain other molecules. Suppressor T-cells perform a function converse to that of their helper counterparts, turning off the immune system response. Cytotoxic T-cells directly attack and destroy antigenic material (6). In MS, an unknown trigger activates helper T-cells whose antigen specific receptors recognize central nervous system myelin as an antigen. While what exactly activates these T-cel... ... MS GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY http://www.nmss.org/msinfo/current_research/updates/RMP9620.html 25) VIRUSES http://www.nmss.org/cmsi/cmsi18.html 26) Remyelination Progress Reported http://www.myelin.org/puppress.html 27) EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS http://www.nmss.org/cmsi/cmsi157.html 28) Current Research Updates http://www.nmss.org/msinfo/current_research/updates/summary.html 29) Virtual Hospital, Chapter 14: Neurology: MS http://www.vh.org/Providers/ClinRef/FPHandbook/Chapter14/08-14.html Other WWW Sites 30) Knowledge Weavers http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ms/ 31) World of Multiple Sclerosis http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html 32) National Multiple Sclerosis Society http://www.nmss.org/ 33) MS Gateway http://www.ms-gateway.com/ 34) MS Gateway Glossary http://www.ms-gateway.com/glossary.html

National Honor Society Paper

National Honor Society is known for having extraordinary students whom possess strong leadership, constant determination, and also structured character. Though there are various students who have what it takes to become a member of the National Honor Society I feel that I should be one of them. From the beginning of my Freshmen year, I had a strong desire to find my path early in life and choose a career I would like to pursue as time went on.Realizing my passion for shopping was just the beginning, and though most girls all have this love for clothes I saw it differently, and began to explore the fashion industry by researching and reading up on the latest news. The electives I took in 9th grade, which were studio and art and fashion illustration both had a large impact on my future and also provoked my desire and curiosity for the artistic side of the fashion world.Getting very high grades in these courses made me acknowledge my ability to draw and learn how to sketch fashion desig ns and learn about the career of illustration in fashion, giving me more confidence in choosing my direction in this field. As my sophomore year began, I explored a different side of the fashion industry and enrolled myself in fashion marketing and also fashion apparel and accessories, but also stuck to the arts by taking drawing. In my fashion apparel and accessories class my teacher privately selected 6 people from the class to partner up in twos and compete in the famous DECA competition.Out of three hundred people, my partner and I competed in advertising and placed honorable mention. This showed that out of all those people my partner and I’s work paid off, and my teacher found us to be unique among our class. Because of my teacher Ms. Ehrhardt and also my fashion illustration/ art teachers Mrs. Copolla and Ms. Syska I became extremely inspired to do something about my newfound passion and sign up for FIT’s precollege workshop classes to gain better experience of this fashion world I was ready to journey into.That march until may of 10th grade every Saturday I would independently take the train in early and attend three-hour fashion classes, sewing and an introduction to the fashion industry and take the train home late. The privilege of being in the city on my own helped me develop a significant understanding of myself and who I wanted to be, and the opportunity of taking these classes transformed me into a more social and friendly person. I became much more understanding to the structure of the basis of fashion and felt that though I loved the classes, I wanted to xplore other courses they had in order to expand my interests of fashion as a whole. In the summer I decided to spend most of my time in the city for fashion and took more classes at FIT and also LIM college to assure myself in which area of fashion I wanted to be in. The classes I took in 10th grade at FIT were design classes, but I felt that my abilities would have a larger pos sibility for success in merchandising. The summer FIT class I took was for public relations and I got the chance to visit various museums and also real fashion design floors to become truly involved in the industry.From here, I knew this was the area I wanted to be involved in and believed I would excel in. At LIM, I spent a week in the city with a roommate and dormed while I took a class for fabric styling and fashion magazine during the day. These two classes gave me a lot to offer, from the learning to the activities I became a leader of my own fashion shoot and also got to interview people in fashion, which left me such an empowering feeling.Though the dorms seem to be only temporary living quarters, I was fortunate enough to taste true independence and individuality; making me very excited to take on future challenges life would give me. Into 11th grade I pursued this path of taking fashion classes in the city, and took fashion marketing classes in. From all the hard work and d etermination In these classes through out high school, I was rewarded with high grades, which are hard to obtain in these courses. I also stood out because I was interviewed and placed upon the FIT website itself, under â€Å"who’s in precollege? (When you apply for a course) which holds the information and pictures of a handful of unique and stylish individuals. All of my fashion experiences as a whole have built me into the hardworking, determined, independent individual I am now and I am very proud that was able to achieve these aspects in order to reach my goal of being apart of the fashion industry. I also feel that this has made me eligible and also worthy of becoming a member of the National Honor Society who’s character will be beneficial towards this society.

Business Etiquette Essay

Business Etiquette is one of the most important skills any person can posses this days, no matter if you’re a student, or a business person or anyone else, etiquette will come in handy one way or another. When the word Business Etiquette comes to your mind, you think of thing like to burping in front of people or not disrespecting them. what is really Business Etiquette? Business Etiquette is the way a person acts or treats another Employee or customer while on the job. What this means, for example, is phone etiquette. Phone etiquette enables you to handle calls more politely and efficiently. For example let’s say right now a person calls you but your on the phone with another customer, both call are important what do you do? Well In this type of scenario you would tell the second customer that called could you please hold or you have the option also to ask them if you may call them back, but perfecting this method you can assure that your customer will have your full attention everytime you speak to them. Another Etiquette is Dinning Etiquette. The reason why this is important in a business world is because do the fact that most business deal are held over lunch, Proper Etiquette for this situation is always arrive at the door at least 10 minutes early that way you can greet your client at the door. Another this you must not forget is to not talk about any business before lunch is ordered, after lunch has been ordered you may go about your plan. The last most important thing is to pay for your client regardless of the sex and regardless if you business deal went successful or not.

Starbucks HRM Essays

Starbucks HRM Essays Starbucks HRM Paper Starbucks HRM Paper Human resource management function is a very crucial function in any modern organization that seeks to achieve its objectives including the task of ensuring that employees are motivated by use of effective performance appraisal techniques such as reward schemes. Such HRM function is very crucial to Starbucks Corporation in order to motivate its employees. This is because people are the most important asset an organization has as compared to other assets that aid in running the organization. Therefore for accomplishment of organizational effectiveness, performance appraisal is the most important critical factor that must be paid attention to by the management of any business firm wishing to remain competitive as well as remain international in scope; Starbucks Corporation is not exceptional from such an objective. Human resource has the responsibility to coordinate all the activities within the organization and they have to ensure efficiency in productivity of the organization hence firms should maintain a motivated workforce (Bjbrkman and Fey, 2001). This paper is dealing with how Starbucks human resource department can use performance appraisal technique to improve the performance of its staff. The paper is also aimed at equipping managers particularly those from Human Resource department of the corporation to look critically on the best ways of rewarding employees in the organization. Starbucks Corporation and its Current HRM Strategy Starbucks Corporation is a coffee company in Australia which was first opened in July, 2000 in Sydney and at the Central Business District as a subsidiary of the mother company in the United States. Starbuck roasts high quality whole coffee beans and they sell them with other beverages as prepared in the Italian espresso beverages. The coffee drinks are richly brewed to give the customers necessary satisfaction and pleasure. One of the best known drink brands is the bottled Frappuccino ® which is enjoyed throughout the world. In Australia alone, the organization has been able to expand and now has 89 retail outlets in major areas of the nation such as Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra, Brisbane, Tasmania, Gold Coast, South Australia, and Brisbane. The headquarters for the Starbucks coffee company Australia is at the Frenchs Forest, New South Wales and it serves as the support centre for all the other stores in Australia. The retail stores offer people the finest coffee sourced from coffee farmers across the world in addition to great entertainment, music, good people and excellent customer service. This organization is the only retail international coffee store that has a unique brand that has a global recognition. Most of the customers get access to excellent room tables, comfortable sofas, chairs, bars and other accessories which fit the needs of everyone from the CEO of a company to the secretary of a company (Starbucks Corporations, 2008). This company endeavors to produce economic, social, and environmental benefits as a social responsibility stance for the communities it serves. This organization believes that it is possible to be good and do the best at the same time. Nevertheless, there has been a considerable criticism that Starbucks management has failed to be effective and efficient in its business activities because they have practiced unacceptable managerial activities of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. The company has not ensured that the respective managers of respective departments are well equipped with human, technical, and conceptual skills that give them an opportunity to integrate the managerial activities above in order to produce results expected from their departments. The absence of such skills by managers has led to the company performance decreasing in some of its potential markets (John and Keith, 1997). Starbucks Corporation has been criticized for not building a strong human resource relationship with its entire workforce who has failed to enhance the success of corporation. In fact there is speculation that the company does not recruit its employees based on their qualifications and their competence. They have not achieved effectiveness and efficiency because they have not developed their staff through training and have not adopted proper compensation systems that have in turn demoralized the employees in their work. Such employees have not been able to cope with effects of competition and thus they have produced poor results (Starbucks Corporations, 2008). Decisions regarding to employees, operations management have not been constantly revised by the management of the corporation in order to match international standards that will foster success in business environment. For example, employees have not been properly trained to cope with new changes like introduction in technology. However, many companies who deal with sale of drinks have also diversified and fight for market share with Starbuck Corporation, a development which has given the corporation rough time in coming up with viable marketing strategies (Starbucks Corporations, 2008). Human Resource Strategy and its role in Starbucks Human resource management in business terms is the coherent and strategic approach to the management of the working force of an organization. It combines academic, social and business practices in the application of techniques to manage a particular workforce. These practices are designed to go inline with the company’s goals, objectives, vision and mission with specific emphasis on growth and development. Starbucks Corporation needs to attract, maintain and also manage its employees effectively. There is an assumption that employees are just business assets in an organization, but human resource development professionals explain that, these employees have varying goals and needs in life which can be utilized by the organization to meet its targets while assisting the individual persons succeed in their careers (John and Keith, 1997). The following are some of the core functions of human resource management in Starbucks Corporation; workforce planning, recruitment and staffing, promoting industrial relations, personnel development and performance monitoring as well as training, compensation and benefit management. It is considered that the human resource practices used in strategic human resource management in Starbucks Corporation should enhance techniques, systems and polices developed in line with the performance appraisal management of the organization’s tasks. This performance appraisal of Starbucks Corporation is designed promote strategic planning and thinking in all aspects of employee assessment, problem solving and counseling (Maund, 2001). Good knowledge of employee behaviors, performance and needs helps Starbucks Corporation to deal squarely with diversity issues e. g. ulture, religion, race etc. in fact; studies have shown that, certain human resource practices in Starbucks Corporation have contributed both positively and negatively to firm performance through workforce alignment. It is also related to employee outcomes including; trust in management co-operation, higher commitment in workplaces as well as better employee efforts and involvement among other factors (Michael, 2006). Manpower planning within Starbucks Corporation is very critical in that, cases of either overstaffing or understaffing is detrimental in one way or another. The economies of scale for the business together with specialization orders are lost if the organization is understaffed. On the other hand, if overstaffing is sustained, it becomes a waste and also expensive for the organization. These factors are therefore part of the planning process being carried out by human resource development officers in Starbucks Corporation. For instance; they should ensure that the organization’s workforce is certainly enough to meet the general duty requirement Human resource strategy is referred to in a layman’s language as the management of the people who are working in an institution or an organization. This is done because employee performance affects how far or how successful an organization can be. Human resource strategy of Starbucks Corporation also involves the managers clarifying to the employees the organization’s goals and objectives. Studies have shown that, there is a unique relationship between the human resource management practices and techniques for a company and its overall performance (Armstrong, 2006). Starbucks Performance Appraisal and its Business Goals The success of Starbucks Corporation is mainly determined by its human resources and hence there is a need for a motivated workforce. In fact human resource of any firm has to be innovative, energetic, creative and motivated in order to remain focused in scope. Indeed any company including Starbucks Corporation should have guiding principles which help the employees to attain set goals and objectives. Such principles define what each and employee is expected to do thus attain their goals. Starbucks Corporation has such principles and such principles also points out how the company promotes trust, pride, professionalism, trust, teamwork and openness in their undertakings. Such principles however, do not concentrate much more on the issue of performance appraisal such as motivation which is a key factor in organizational success. Therefore this paper will attempt to reveal the importance of a motivated workforce as well as the different methods that can be used to motivate the workforce particularly in Starbucks Corporation (Hoyer, 2001). Research indicates that skills, knowledge and experience represent capital due to the reason that they enhance productivity. Companies invest in skills training and development to be competitive, but the failure to manage the person trained could be considered a great setback. Employee retention is basically essential in grasping a complete return on investment. Based on the human capital theory, it is imperative that companies invest in skills training and development, but they should also align the performance appraisal such as compensations and benefits of the person with his or her achievements. Research reveals that in many modern business organizations there is obviously a lack in recognizing the achievements of skilled employees. Without recognition and growth, there is no reason for the employee to carry on his good performance, or worse, to continue his service to the organization (Bjbrkman and Fey, 2001). Motivation can be assumed as the reason or the force behind why a person does what he or she does. Sometimes, it is also a means to make the person perform better and more efficient. Basically there are three assumptions in human motivation as established in research. The first one assumes that motivation is inferred from a systematic analysis of how personal, task and environmental characteristics influence behavior and job performance. The next one infers that motivation is not a fixed trait; but rather it refers to a dynamic internal state resulting from the influence of personal and situational factors. This means that motivation as one technique of performance appraisal may change with changes in personal, social or other factors. Finally, it should further be noted that motivation affects behavior which in turn will lead to poor performance by the employees (Buck, Filatotchev and Wright, 2003). As social beings, basic human interaction and communication are considered as relevant needs that should be attended to in the working environment. The rational and emotional aspects of a person enable one to be participatory and reflective on certain aspects of the operations in the organization. Social interactions are necessary so as to provide for the social needs of an individual. Since people are more than a resource of an organization, their active and contemplative nature will always be open and shown. Aside from the primary needs for existence, social interaction in the form of companionship helps in shaping the character of a person as a quality individual that is capable of doing complex things and acting complicatedly Performance Appraisal Management in Starbucks Corporation Research reveals that employee motivation is the key to the profitability and competitive success of Starbuck Corporation in the current business world i. e. particularly in the hotel industry. Research has shown that Starbuck Corporation dose not pay well its employees and thus they do not carry out their jobs well and in return the company’s performance has been negatively affected. In Starbucks Corporation; for instance, the employer-employee relations are considered not very important thus that the corporation failing to realize its mission effectively. In fact, it has been researched and found out that well paid employees of Starbucks Corporation have translated to satisfied customers i. e. with motivated workforce they do their tasks well thus retaining and attracting more customers. Hence, with improper policies and administrative skills utilized by Starbucks Corporation, managers have indeed created failed to create a satisfied workforce through such an appraisal performance technique. Starbucks Corporation employee performance appraisal technique has taken different forms that include the following: The first factor is of job security which is the primary driving force an employee Centres on while working; it is the ability to retain the job for as many years as possible (Hoyer, 2001). Personal organization and family budget go in line with job security concerns. When an employee is confident of his or her job security at the workplace, his performance is far much better than a case where he or she is not sure of being retained in the next year because he is motivated to work. With job security, some Starbucks employees have failed to know whether at the end of month he/she will be paid thus becoming demoralized to work. This implies that much time is wasted because employees are not okay and thus have do not have enough time to work for the company since they work as they think of quitting the corporation at one time The other factor that is suppose to enhance success in Starbuck is that of pay satisfaction; research indicates that people don’t work unless they receive pay for work done as a motivator which is therefore the key to employee satisfaction. Although employees are paid better than other employees of other organizations, Starbucks Managers normally do not use financial rewards to improve their worker’s performance. Good salaries equally translate to better work. Every worker would want to continue working for an organization which pays him or her well which has not been the case in Starbucks Corporation (Bjbrkman and Fey, 2001). Therefore Starbucks Corporation has not saved time since the management has to spend time of hiring new employees every time because the current employees are not secure and they have reason to look for other opportunities Another source of motivation is that of using rewards and gifts in order to inspire employees in Starbucks Corporation. Research indicates that rewards used by the corporation have been only very big inducements but the small gifts given to anybody have been ignored by the management thus its employees eventually don’t feel appreciated. For example a handwritten thank you note which can be utilized in Starbucks Corporation is normally appreciated and cherished (Foster and Harris, 2005). Everybody loves chocolate, and provision of such kind of rewards especially at the weekends and special days like Christmas and Valentine days, should help to build positive relationships between the Starbucks Corporation management and the employees. Research indicates that gift certificates such as birthday wishes are a morale booster to self-confidence of the employees. Starbucks Corporation has failed to offer sufficient logo merchandizes; for instance, in form of t-shirts, caps, mugs, pens, jackets and computer mouse pads thus not boosting the morale of the employees because they are not proud to be associated with Starbucks failure. In addition, Starbucks Corporation has not been utilizing motivational posters which are supposed to be strategically drafted for individual recognition for job well done. In most cases, people would want to know if their work has made some difference and therefore provision of such rewards by Starbucks Corporation should encourage them thus motivating the employees. Another way of appraising employees that Starbucks Corporation have not utilized fully is that of praising them; for instance if they have fulfilled their undersigned tasks effectively. The firms’ management has not strategized well since they even don’t keep the records of the performance of employees. Any employee who shows commendable improvement are not praised in the organizational weekly, monthly and also the annual meetings. Through this employees have not been motivated since they believe that they are not recognized by the organization and thus not improving their performance. However, this should not just be carried out in the formal meetings only, but managers should make time to meet with individual employees who are reported to have been performing better and praise them for the good work (Harzing and Ruysseveldt, 2004). Recommendations The main aspects of human resource strategy in Starbucks Corporation should incorporate the following areas; employee motivation and retention strategies, employee selection strategies and employee management strategies which in general encompass performance appraisal measures. This strategy if implemented simultaneously in Starbucks Corporation will create a family-like community and environment in the organization. From this study we can conclude that performance appraisal is a key factor to success of any organization including Starbucks Corporation. It should be noted that as a manager, your impact on employee satisfaction is great and immeasurable; therefore the management of Starbucks Corporation should look for convenient, cost-conscious and appreciated ways of performance appraisal such as excellent motivation structures in order to build a motivated, dynamic and committed workforce that will result in better productivity and profitability of the corporation. The most critical factor that results to poor management of many organizations including Starbucks Corporation is that of the inability of senior managers to provide necessary support for the accomplishment of organizations goals through utilization of effective performance appraisal techniques. It is substantiated that the behavior of many senior managers of Starbucks Corporation has contributed immensely to poor success of the organization. This is explicitly witnessed in the performance appraisal process. Senior managers have adopted behavior of self centeredness and they always think that they are the only one who makes viable decisions in relation to goals being attained hence resulting to low morale by existing workforce (Maund, 2001). This has resulted to lower level managers and employees not to perform quality work because they are always not motivated when carrying out their respective duties. The overall management of Starbucks Corporation should not that no matter how well the organization’s values and culture is drafted it requires the will of senior managers to maintain such performance appraisal values and cultures within the organization. The senior managers can change the attitude of their employees if only they can lead by example which will lead to good motivation and thus successful attainment of set objectives. Human resource is the most vital asset in Starbucks Corporation and senior managers have to concentrate their management efforts in their staff development in order to boost their morale and thus increase in productivity. Employees’ satisfaction strategies should be formulated in Starbucks Corporation in order to ensure smooth running of the corporation. It is the key to the economic success of Starbucks Corporation. Research has shown that a satisfied employee does his job well and in return the company’s performance is greatly improved (Hoyer, 2001). The HR department of Starbucks Corporation should formulate corporate and HR strategies that incorporate performance appraisal analysis and clarification of the corporation mission statement. The department should also offer guidelines to the rest of the management when considering how business should develop and in what direction it should be directed to. In this line the HR department should clearly ensure that the strategies developed in the organization should be the ones that direct efforts towards accomplishing the Starbucks Corporation basic mission or purpose (Armstrong, 2006). In order to enhance the activities of Starbucks Corporation, the HR department should redesign the HR department in order to remain competitive in the market place and to respond to any changes in the market place; Also strategic objectives that encompass performance appraisal measures of the organization should be formulated; this implies that the HR department should turn the mission statement in to supporting objectives for each level of management in the corporation. The objectives formulated should be directed to key result areas in the corporation where performance is necessary for business survival. The corporation key result areas that should be considered include; marketing, finance, production, human resources, physical resources, social responsibility, and profit requirement (Thomson and Rampton, 2003). Conclusion From Starbucks Corporation case analysis we can therefore deduce that, ensuring employee performance requires establishing a level of competence which the employee should be aware of as a target to be achieved. This is the measure that should be used by Starbucks Corporation managers in determining compliance with the standards and in identifying problems met by the employees in meeting such standards. For instance; in developing a performance appraisal technique such as efficient motivation structure to enhance the productivity of employees the manager will look at the competency problems of the employees and fashion the program to enable the employees to reach and even exceed the competency standard established for their work. This requires a great amount of perceptiveness on the part of the manager in determining what method of appraising will be most effective in improving employee competence (Thomson and Rampton, 2003). A considerable number of companies including Starbucks Corporation have developed into an essential part of the period of global competition, increasing development, improved business paradigms, and corporate re-organization. The continuing transformation from the traditional industrial framework with its hierarchical companies to a worldwide, knowledge-founded financial system and intelligent corporations, altering ideas regarding the social contract involving employers and employees, an progressively more adaptable pool of talent and a body of workforce, necessitates human resource (HR) strategies to realign and relocate itself in the vicinity of these drivers.