Anatomy and Physiology Case Study

Anatomy and Physiology display case StudyCase 1 A 60 social class old man with long-standing fictional character II diabetes that has been untr depleteed with insulin is admitted to the hospital after reporting noticeably lin historic periody pissing. Bilaterally, he has no feeling in the bottoms of his feet and decreased sensitivity mid-shin, while sense impression at the knees is normal. Upon query the clinician notices that the patients lenses are cloudy, and the patient is having a difficult time reading his admissions paperwork. The patients telephone circuit pressure is in any case elevated. wherefore might this patient take blood in his urine? The patient may be suffering from a bladder or kidney infection.What some some other abnormalities would typically be found in such a patients urinalysis? Urinalysis may show High Blood Sugar.What is causing the bilateral desensitization of the lower limbs? It is possible that the patients diabetes is not controlled causing damage to the founts and hardening of the arteries which can cause decreased sensation and poor blood circulation in the feet.Why are this patients lenses cloudy? The patient may be suffering from glaucoma, or cataracts.Why might this patient charter difficulty reading his admissions papers? The patient may be suffering from Presbyopia, in which the lens of the eye loses its ability to focus, making it difficult to see up close.How is the elevated blood pressure related to the other symptoms? H causes all these symptoms so there is a chance that the high blood level may be the problem of why there was urine in the blood, numbness, and vision impairment.Case 2 Julie Turner, a 27 year old non-pregnant female, has grown progressively anxious about changes in both her behavior and body recently. She consults her physician and complains of insomnia, gastroin interrogatoryinal instability, feeling excited, and cant loss. She also reports that even though she has lost weight, her doub led chin has not g unitary away. Upon examination, the physician notes that, while not pronounced, Julies eyes seem larger, and her reflexes are excitable. The physician decides to send Julie to an endocrinologist for a consultation.What does an endocrinologist specialize in? Diagnose and treat distempers related to endocrines.Define hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism or Overactive Thyroid, is a actor in which the thyroid gland makes too lots thyroid hormone.Which of Julies signs an symptoms are compatible with hyperthyroidism? Weight lossDoes Julie show signs and symptoms specific to hards disease? Yes, Graves disease actually causes most hyperthyroidism.Why might Julie be mistakenly thinking she has a double chin? Julie may be mistaken by the incident that her double chin is actually her swollen thyroid.What is the fixate concerned with when they notices that Julie has large eyes? Julie may be tired and not getting enough rest.If Graves disease is corroborateed, what is the m ost presumable treatment? First beta blockers allow for be prescribed and once all the results are confirmed they seeament either give Julie Radioactive iodine or Anti-thyroid medicine.Case 3 George is a 50 year old man that had a severe pedal accident 12 years ago. As a result of the accident, George had one kidney and part of his small intestine removed because they were hemorrhaging. Immediately following rec everywherey, George had some weight loss that he was told to expect because of malabsorption caused by having his intestine removed. George has never returned to work due to his injuries, and mostly sits in ramp and watches TV and reads. Recently, however, George broke his wrist trying to reckon himself from falling. When he was examined, he was told that his bones had become weak.Define osteopenia and osteoporosis. Which does George seem to have? Osteopenia refers to bone mineral density (BMD) that is lower than normal peak BMD but not low enough to be classified as o steoporosis.Osteoporosis is a progressive disease that causes bones to become thin and brittle, making them much likely to break. George seems to have Osteoporosis.What is the most common type of fracture of the wrist in a someone of Georges age?Explain how Vitamin D, calcidiol, and calcitriol are synthesized? Calcidiol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is the main storehouse form of vitamin D, Low calcidiol levels in the blood indicate a vitamin D neediness, which can lead to weak bones. Your kidneys convert calcidiol into calcitriol, or 1, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the active form of vitamin D that promotes calcium absorption.How could Georges missing kidney be related to his decreased bone strength? The lack of vitamin D and calcium absorption which having a vitamin D deficiency will cause bone weakness.How could Georges partial small intestine be related to his decreased bone strength? It could decrease the calcium you eat from being absorbed into your blood causing your blood calcium to b ecome and stay low.If George has a decreasing density of his bones due to his previous injuries, what is the categorisation of his condition? George is suffering from Osteoporosis.Could Georges lack of time outside be a part in his weak bones? Its part of one of the factors the other is based on the fact of George laying around and not doing anything which is causing his bones to weaken.Case 4 Pete is a 250 lb man that played 15 years of professional football. Pete quit football at that age of 38 when his renal pelviss and knees became too painful to play. He has tried to dispense the pain with unlisted anti incendiary drugs for the past 20 years. Now 58 years old, Pete has a severe limp on his right side and gone to the doctor in hopes to get stronger pain medication. His general doctor orders X-rays, which reveal bilateral narrowing of both hip and knee joints. The right acetabulum shows bony projections extending toward the femoral head.What does Pete suffer from? Pete is su ffering from Osteoarthritis.What are Petes risk factors? Osteoarthritis causes the cartilage in a joint to become stiff and lose its elasticity, making it more susceptible to damage. As the cartilage deteriorates, tendons and ligaments stretch, causingpain. If the condition worsens, the bones could rub against each other.Explain whether or not the 20 years of OTC antiinflammatory medications has really helped anything? OTC may have helped with the swelling and mild pain but thats as far as they help.What are the bony projections of the acetabulum called? The acetabulum is the socket of the ball-and-socket hip joint. The top of the thigh bone (femur) forms the ball, and the socket (acetabulum) is part of the pelvic bone.Does Pete need to see an orthopedic surgeon, or can the general doctor treat Petes condition? Pete would have to go see an Orthopedic Surgeon for his case.Is Pete a candidate for joint replacement surgery? One of the alternatives Pete may want to look into is extrem e hip Arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most successful surgical interventions that leads to improvement in quality of life and provides significant improvements in both pain and function.Case 5 A 67 year old African-American male presents to his family physician for a checkup. It has been more than 5 years since his last checkup. A thorough examination including a digital rectal examination and history is unremarkable for a man of his age. The physician orders several different blood tests, including a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level.Why would a physician order several blood tests for a person with no apparent problems? PSA is detected through a mans blood and also the patient has not been to a checkup for 5 years.Does this man have any risk factors for anything in particular? Yes, he is at risk of prostate cancer.What is a digital rectal exam used to test for? The Rectal exam helps to detect growths or enlargements of the prostate gland in men.Why is a PSA level an important test for this man? This exam measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen in the blood.What would an elevated PSA level indicate? Elevated levels would hatch inflammation of the prostate gland or prostate cancer.If this man has elevated PSA, how would it be treated? Depending on the level that the test comes back a urine test may be provided to check for a UTI that may be causing the levels to be elevated if not a biopsy may be suggested to confirm if and where the cancer is.Case 6 A 26 year old women presents at the clinic with a complaint of infertility. She and her husband have tried unsuccessfully for over one year. She reports irregular menses since menarche at age 13. She has never been pregnant, and has always had Pap smears. She reports at least a dozen sexual partners and was treated for bang 6 years ago. He husband has had normal semen analysis results.What are the risk factors for female infertility? Irregular menstrual cycle, age, can be risk factors as well as sex ually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea can cause fallopian tube damage.Which of these risk factors may be involved in this case? In this case Gonorrhea is the biggest risk factor.What hormone levels would be appropriate to ascertain?If the problem is a pituitary hormone imbalance, which hormone(s) might be involved? The hormone Hyposecretion would be involved.If the problem is an ovarian hormone imbalance, which hormone(s) might be involved? Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome PCOS is a disruption in communication between the brain, the pituitary gland and the ovaries. PCOS is characterized by irregular or lack of ovulation, irregular or lack of menstrual periods.Define pelvic inflammatory disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a general term for infection of the uterus lining, fallopian tubes, or ovaries.If a pelvic exam is performed and PID is involved, what might be noticed? Tenderness and possibly a lump next to the uterus may be noticed.How might laparoscopy be useful for a defi nitive diagnosing? It will give a clearer picture of the abdomen and pelvis.Case 7 A 21 year old female presents to the ER complaining of lethargy, a stiff neck, and a headache. Initial examination reveals a high grade fever, sensitivity to light, and withdrawal from neck flexion. A history uncovers that she is a daycare role player and many students have been absent recently.What do the symptoms suggest? The Symptoms suggest that the female has Meningitis.Is this patient at particular risk for the suggested illness? People of any age can get meningitis, but because it can be easily spread among those living in close quarters, teens, college students, and boarding-school students are at higher risk for infection.What test needs to be done? Laboratory tests and a possible spinal tap will be done.How is this test performed? Taking a needle and roll up a sample of spinal fluid from the lumbar.What are the two most likely microorganisms to be found with the test from question 3? This test will show any signs of inflammation and whether a virus or bacteria is causing the infection.Does the daycare need to be notified? Yes immediately and any children that may be exposed or feel like they are sick should seek professional care right away.Case 8 A 68 year old African-American male is transported to the ER with rapid onset left sided weakness. He was watering his lawn when he suddenly dropped the hose and fell to the ground. His speech was buddy-buddy when EMS personnel arrived. The man has a history of high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia. His exam shows left facial areflexia and drooping. CT scan of the head shows no hemorrhage.What is the diagnosing? Ischemic StrokeWhat is the likely location of the pathology in this instance? Location would be in his brain.What are the risk factors for this condition? Hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation diabetes, family history of stroke, age, and race might all be factors.What are the possibl e mechanisms of pathology in this case? Possible mechanisms of pathology are Thrombotic Stroke and Embolic Stroke.Which is the more likely mechanism of the pathology in this case? The Thrombotic Stroke is more likely.What is the underlying problem in this case? Hypercholesterolemia and Blood Pressure are the underlying problem.How did the underlying problem lead to this incident? High blood pressure and hypertension can lead to thickening of the arterial walls making the passage way narrow.Case 9 A 36 year old man is seeing his physician because he is becoming increasingly weak. He reports that the weakness progresses throughout the day. He has a desk job and can hardly keep his eyes open and head up by the end of the day. Other history is unremarkable. Cranial nerve examination shows weak facial muscles, inability to repeat movements, and bilateral ptosis. The patients shoulders droop with a very poor posture.What is the likely diagnosis? optical MyastheniaWhat is the pathogenesi s of this disease? Ocular Myasthenia is a disease of the neuromuscular junction resulting in hallmark variability in muscle weakness and fatigability.What other deficits might present if untreated? If left untreated it may cause acute respiratory failure.Why do the symptoms seem to worsen later in the day? Symptoms seem worse later in the day due to physical activity throughout the day. Symptoms arent as bad once the person has rested.What other conditions should be ruled out? Early symptoms can be confused with Psychiatric disorders.What treatment should be sought? A blood test measuring antibodies to acetylcholine receptors 80-90 percent of Myasthenic people show these antibodies in their blood.Case 10 Tim and Leanne are rushed to the hospital after a car accident. Tim was driving as the car was hit in the driver side door. He sustained a broken humerus from the direct impact. His arm was immobilized and he is resting in his room. Leanne, who was in the movement passenger seat su stained a ruptured spleen and four neighboring broken ribs on the left side. Her wounds are from striking the middle console of the car. She is in the ICU with her chest wrapped.What are the factors that affect wound production? The wound-healing process consists of four highly integrated and overlapping phases hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling or resolutionWhich factor is the main difference causing Tim and Leanne to have such different injuries? The main factor that causes the difference in injury here is the fact the driver side door was the one hit in the accident.What is the mechanism that caused the rupturing of Leannes spleen? Leanne struck the middle console of the car.What is the name of the condition in which several adjacent ribs is broken? Flail ChestDue to her broken ribs, what is Leanne at risk of increaseing? Rib StressIf Leannes lung is bruised, what other condition may develop? Leanne may develop a pulmonary contusion or bleeding of th e lungs.

Motivation among Construction workers in Cyprus

Motivation among Construction workers in CyprusThis assignment serves as a proposal for the thesis requirements and the associated look into to be carried out. The dissertation paper pass on focus on individual give awayment in cost of penury. More particularally, it forget investigate the levels of motivation of the employees in the Construction labor of Cyprus, employ Maslows Needs Hierarchy as its theoretical base. The principal(prenominal) research question to be addressed is What is the peak of rejoicing at each level of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs among the Construction Industry workers in Cyprus?The particular industry, doneout the world and in Cyprus, faces a series of problems (Yankov Kleiner, 2001). several(prenominal) of the problems implicate communication and coordination problems. Also, productiveness is observed to be relatively low when compargond with otherwise sectors, and this has a direct effect on inflating costs and organisational inefficiency. Parkin et al. (2009) states that motivation is an primal positionor influencing productivity and that various forms of rewards endure stimulate motivation. The particular research aims to determine the degree of satisfaction and the importance of each level of Maslows Hierarchy for workers. This ordain contribute to the better understanding of employee motivation by managers and thus help in the designing of appropriate reward systems that go forth have a significant impact on increasing employee motivation.The inspiration for conducting such(prenominal) research came from the authors personal interest on the item industry and come aboutic, after working as a construction site manager for some time and news reporting various motivation theories through the current course. Additionally, no research has been conducted on the specific industry on the island until now. All these make the proposed research interesting and primary(prenominal) since it pass on introduce some un derstanding on the motivation levels of the workers and it willing help the quickly developing construction industry of Cyprus to become more cost effective through adopting more suitable management practises.The following sections introduce the key belles-lettres on the topic and the proposed methodology to be use. Also, some details be given on the problems to be addressed, the context of the study, the planned timeframe and the anticipated contributions of this research to supposition, association and practise.Review of Key LiteratureMotivation and Content TheoriesMotivation can be defined as the cognitive, decision-making process through which goal- coiffe behaviour is initiated, energized, and directed and maintained (Buchanan Huczynski, 2004, p.244). Content Theories of motivation focus on the goals to which tenders aim to achieve (Mullins, 2007, p.256). One of the earliest content theories is the needs hierarchy by Abraham Maslow (1943). early(a) content theories fo llowed Maslows work, such as Alderfers ERG model and Herzbergs Two Factor theory, but the Hierarchy of Needs is the cornerstone theory on individual development and motivation.Since motivation is a determinant of behaviour and performance, content theories such as the work of Maslow aim to provide the contextual framework for understanding the various motives, and thus using the information to influence performance (Parkin, et al, 2009). The main criticism of such theories is that they lack robust empirical support, especially Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Roberts, 1982). Additionally, there is a essential problem in applying them in organisational settings since most of the above theories c one timentrate on the individual and so downgrade social interaction, culture and learning (Trigg, 2004). Nevertheless, content theories are extensively used by managers as a framework for dealing with their employees.Maslows Hierarchy of Needs in briefDr. Maslow triped his study on the hierarch y of human needs when he became interested to play out why dickens of his professors were so different from the rest (Maslow, 1975). Unthe likes of previous researchers, he synthesised a commodious body of research and adopted a holistic approach on studying human motivation (Francis Kritsonis, 2006). So he proposed the hierarchy of needs, consisting of five disputations, with the top level being Self-Actualisation. The top level is discussed in further detail in the coterminous section. The pyramid below illustrates the five needs in the order of their priority.Source Shoura Singh, 1998Maslow (1943) briefly describes the five line of reasonings as followsPhysiological Needs these are the starting point for motivation and they are also called physiological needs. They include survival needs such as food, water and sleep.Safety Needs after fulfilling the survival needs, one needs to secure his body and his job. Also, there is the need to encourage his property and family.Bel onging Needs the need to belong to a social group, to love and being loved and fellowship with others.Esteem Needs the need for recognition, acquisition and independence. The need for high self-evaluation based on capability and the respect of others.Self-Actualization Needs the advancement of the individual and humanity through elevating spirituality, true perception and growth.Lingard and Rowlinson (2005) explain that individuals growth up the pyramid in a systematic manner. In other words, once the commence need has been satisfied, it is no longer a motivator and the next parameter becomes the primary motivator. This is known as the concept of satisfaction-progression process. Moreover, Mullins (2007) adds that there exists a decreasing degree of satisfaction at each level. So as lower needs become more satisfied, higher(prenominal) level needs start to emerge. Finally, Maslow (1943) explains that there are exceptions, where the hierarchy is not necessarily in the proposed ord er for them. Examples of such exceptions include people in chronic unemployment who may lose interest in higher level needs because they seek satisfaction from low level needs.Empirical Studies and Criticism of the HierarchyMaslows theory served as the theoretical basis for numerous research projects (Shoura Singh, 1998). Some studies found Maslows theory to be valid when empirically tested, while others criticised it for not applying to non-western cultures and other classes than the middle class. Some of the studies that confirmed the theory include the study measuring motivation levels in Venezuela by Socorro and Ramirez (1986) and in regular army by Hankins and Clark (1989). In addition, a study on personality-factor tendencies in Israel by Megen (1985) found that the tendencies were highly consistent with Maslows Self-actualization characteristics. Finally, Lester et al (1983) found that the levels of satisfaction of the parameters were related to measures of neuroticism, t herefore making Maslows theory credible.Recent studies by Parkin et al (2009) and Kazaz and Ulubeyli (2007) found that the decreasing degree of satisfaction of the parameters was not valid for construction workers in Turkey. They claim that higher needs appeared more accomplished than lower level needs, and that extrinsic rewards (monetary) were the main motivators. Moreover, some theoretical criticism suggests that Maslows methodology was not scientifically appropriate and that the archetype he used was extremely exclusive (Trigg, 2004). Also, various authors, including Alderfer, challenged the satisfaction-progression hypothesis, saying that whatsoever one deficiency can exist along another one. Finally, Buchanan and Huczynski (2004) and Maher (2002) state that the description of Self-actualization is too vague and leads to empirical problems, and that the hierarchy cannot fully interpret behaviour as it lacks aspects of evolution, learning, culture and social interaction.Self- Development PotentialTotal Self-Development, or Self-actualization, drives humans to prolong awareness, beyond common materialistic knowledge, into higher consciousness levels of existence (Shoura Singh, 1998). This parameter can be linked with Total Quality Management practises in the mother wit that if a person is on its pursuit it means that he will extend his potential, become more operational and effective. Furthermore, the pursuit of self-actualization is responsible for the expansion of the mind, which can be very useful for organisations. This is because such employees strive to acquire understanding beyond common, available knowledge, and this can translate into human capital (Singh, 1996).Maslow (1943) states that self-actualizing people develop Being Values. These are the ultimate values that cannot be reduced to anything more ultimate (Maslow, 1975). Despite the fact that they develop during the final parameter, they still behave like needs- thats why they are called metaneeds (Goble, 2004). Failure to fulfil such metaneeds leads to the sickness of the soul, also known as metapathology. On the other hand, if such needs are fulfilled, because the individual enjoys life the most, with vivid experiences and is able to see symbolism in various aspects. Of course, this parameter is also an on-going process, where the individual goes back and forth from the previous parameter (Maslow, 1975).Motivation, Productivity and WorkMany authors stress that motivation levels can affect productivity to a great extend (Parkin et al, 2009 Mullins, 2007). Yankov and Kleiner (2001) add that by applying motivation theories on organisational context can help managers understand the levels of motivation for employees and design systems for the optimization of human resources in the production. Such systems can include both extrinsic and inwrought rewards, depending on the employees indicated deficiencies.The research proposed by this essay will attempt to define the motivation parameters fulfilment using Maslows Hierarchy of need. This will give insights to managers in the specific industry on the deficiencies of the workforce. Therefore this data will assist in the development of suitable reward systems that will cover the suggested deficiencies and increase productivity through increased motivation.Why use Maslow and not any other Content theory?The proposed research will utilize Maslows theory because it is the most incorporated theory in the Business world (Buchanan Huczynski, 2004). Management fashions such as TQM, BPR and job enrichment integrate Maslows ideas for motivation since it has a broad coverage. Moreover, it is the only theory with such enlightenment and close ties with psychology, which is one of the researchers personal interests.Proposed MethodologyResearch QuestionsWhat methodology must be developed for suitably measure outing the motivation parameters of employees in the Construction Industry of Cyprus?What is the degree of satisfaction at each parameter of Maslows Needs Hierarchy among workers in the Construction Industry of Cyprus?How can managers use the findings to increase motivation levels, and thus productivity?Methodology related QuestionsWhat is a sufficient sample?How errors will be limited and reliability will be ensured?Approach, Target Group and Sample adequatenessThe target group for the specific research are the low ranking workers on the construction sites to be visited. These include builders, plumbers, electricians and any other technician that does not hire a managerial position. By including all the type of employees working in the Construction Industry, a holistic approach of motivation parameters will be retrieved for the firm industry. The collection of data will be obtained through personal survey by the researcher, with the uses of a quantifiable questionnaire.Since the actual meaning of a dissertation is a small scale research, a sample of 50 to 70 responders should be sufficient, provided that the majority of those asked will wreak part in the research. As section 4 explains, responders will be arbitrarily selected, provided that they hold a low ranking position, and the sites to be visited will be both random and specific.The questionnaire intends to include questions that cover the 5 motivational parameters, in order to be able to develop a quantitative assessment for each responder at each parameter. Each parameter will be covered by more than one question. The response to questions will be measured using a Likert Scale from 1 to 7, with 1 representing total disagreement and 7 total agreement. Additionally, the responder will be asked to respond to the same questions in terms of personal importance.Triangulation of DataThe Triangulation theory enables researchers to assess and complete hypotheses (Denzin, 1978). Based on this, the questionnaire will include multiple questions studying the same variable, and also questions will be randomized to check whether responses to mistakable questions are matched.Evaluation MethodsFor data evaluation, some terminology and formulas are adopted from Shoura and Singh (1998). This also helps in cross reference compatibility.Firstly, all the questions will be grouped harmonise to the parameter they test, and the mean value of each responder for all questions will be calculated (Quality Index numerical parameter). Then, all the QIs will be averaged to find the group QI. QI is helpful to see the instant perception of questions by responders. The same procedure will be done for the responses of the same questions for personal importance. This will be named Relevance Factor (RF).Moreover, QI will be divided by RF, and with using a convenience factor multiplication (k), it will aver a value between 1 and 100 (Scaled QI). This will serve as an additional numerical parameter for assessment. To illustrate the use of SQI, lets say that RF is high. This produces a low SQI that shows that at tention must be placed on the specific parameter. Finally, regarding the central tendency theorem, the standard deviation of QI, RF and SQI will be calculated to see question responses fluctuated around the average. Where central tendency is observed, it is important to analyse the data since important conclusions can be drawn. The appendix contains the statistical formulas. strong point of Proposed Methodology and Alternative methods availabilityThe proposed methodology is expected to be effective since it appears to be rational and triangulated. In addition, the work of Shoura and Singh (1998) helped in the final formulation. A similar version was tested in Honolulu and the results were credible. This methodology can be made more effective by relating the results with demographics, where especially age is very important in the analysis of Self-Actualization. Unfortunately, integrating such an analysis will exceed the length of such a small research project.Alternative methods of a ssessing motivation parameters include recorded interviews with employees or with managers that lay down their views about their staff. However, this takes a qualitative data form which requires a more complex analysis. So a quantitative data collection is preferred, where responses are homogeneous and easier to analyse. Some other researchers chose to send their questionnaires through email or by post. The specific researcher prefers to be tough personally in the data collection to make sure that there is complete understanding and everything goes as planned.Ethical Considerations and Practical ConsiderationsIt is important to state once again that this research is intended to be of a small scale therefore no generalizations can be made using its findings. Nonetheless, it can be used as a reference on future research. Moreover, subjects will be fully explained of the requirements and be assured that the research will remain anon. and will not affect their job. This information wil l be printed on the questionnaire and further stressed by the researcher. Further considerations on ethics include the fact that participation is voluntary and that the completed questionnaires will not be shown to anyone. Finally, the supervisor will sign a statement confirming the purpose of the research and the results will be shown to managers whose employees participated.For the timeframe and the feasibility issues of the research see Section 4.Context, Timeframe and feasibilityContext of StudyThe researcher plans to distribute the questionnaires in construction sites in the 4 main provinces in Cyprus Larnaca, Nicosia, Limassol and Paphos. Each province consists of one major city and a number of small villages around it. The sites to be visited include some specific and random. The specific sites are those known through acquaintances made during working experience. The criteria for selecting the random sites will be their convenient location and the number of workers on the si te. The questionnaire will be distributed randomly to low ranking employees that are willing to participate in the research.In regards to the construction industry of Cyprus, it is a rapidly developing industry producing around 20% of the Republics GDP (CYSTAT, 2010). The particular industry also serves as a significant foreign currency earner, since properties are exported mainly to residents from the UK and Russia. The workers on the sites can be set forth as low skilled labour with low educational qualifications, mainly of eastern European nationalities. The specific research will only target these technicians and will exclude any qualified engineers and high ranking staff since most of them occupy a managerial position. Finally, it is observed that most firms in the industry do not have an HRM department. So any reward schemes are designed by CEOs who are not specialized in the field, especially in terms of motivation.TimeframeThe time-line of the research is designed in advanc e. All tasks are given generous time and the plan aims to finish the whole project 2 weeks before the deadline. These actions fall by the wayside for any unexpected events that may occur and disturb some tasks. The calendar in the Appendix shows the timeline in detail. Briefly, the first belles-lettres review will start on the 21 of March and last for 3 weeks. Then the questionnaire will be designed using one week and in the next two weeks, data will be collected by visiting the various sites and handing out the questionnaires. On the 1st of June, a deeper literature review will take place for 3 weeks and then the data will be recorded and analysed. After analysing the data, one week will be dedicated to studying literature and relating to results. The final task is to write the dissertation, and this will take 4 weeks.FeasibilityThe weeks that data will be collected are appropriate since they do not involve any holidays and workers are expected to be on the site. Also, it is a go od time for the researcher since the weeks do not collide with exams or any other obligations. Finally, a friend acting as a translator is available at that specific time.Furthermore, some of the site managers were informed about the research on their staff, and are happy to collaborate. Some other conditions that need to be met to ensure the smooth running of the research includeA translator will accompany the researcher to ensure that the subjects fully understand the questions and the requirements (the translator is a friend of the researcher, speaking Bulgarian, Romanian and Turkish, that has confirmed that he will participate)The researcher will be present to provide clarifications and instructionsThe questions have to be designed so that the most illiterate person can understand themIdentification of the Problems to be addressedThe suggested research will address the problem between employees motivation and productivity, by examining the motivation parameter fulfilment on Masl ows Needs Hierarchy. Through this, other problems will also be addressed. These include the lack of empirical data on the motivation levels of the workers in the specific industry that can be used by managers in order to design policies that stimulate motivation. Finally, the results can be used to find out whether contemporary reward schemes address the needs of workers or they are irrelevant and ineffective.Research ContributionsSimilar studies on motivation claim that they contributed both in theory and practice. Kazaz and Ulubeyli (2007) suggest that their study contributed to the enhancement of the validity of Maslows guess but also indicated that some concepts are not completely valid. Furthermore, Parkin et al, (2009) and Shoura and Singh (1998) suggest that they provided vital insights to managers in the specific industries that will contribute to the fine-tuning of Human Resources.The specific study will also contribute to theory, in the sense that it will try to test the validity of Maslows theory in a small island society and on a lower societal class than the middle class. Additionally, it aims to add to the knowledge on the motivation levels of employees in the Construction Industry of Cyprus, which may act as an inspiration for future research. Finally, it aims to help management practice in an industry where HR expertise is limited and reward schemes are designed randomly, based on instinct and experience.

Lung Cancer: History, Causes, Types and Treatments

Lung Cancer History, Causes, Types and TreatmentsLung Cancer gatewayLung crabmeat is a kind of malignant neoplastic disease that begins in the lungs. Lungs argon the spongy organs in the chest that ar responsible for taking in oxygen when hotshot inhales and releases carbon-dioxide when star exhales. Lung crabby person is the principal causation of pubic louse colligate deaths in the United States, amongst twain women n and men. It claims more lives annu eachy than does breasts, ovarian, prostate and colon crabmeats, all combined. People that smoke set ab turn up the broad(prenominal)est chances of suffering this ailment. The fascinatek of this form of sewercer sum ups with the issue of cig arettes hotshot smokes and the duration that one smokes. Lung pubic louse cooks the demise of more than one million people worldwide in a single year. It is projected that roughly 90% of deaths braced by lung pratcer in men and 75-80% overall deaths in the United States are owed to sens. Vividly, lung cancer is a general and imperative disease that constitutes a major health problem in the world.HistoryIn the past 150 days, lung cancer was non-existent. In the year 1878, save 1% represented the malignant lung cancers that were seen by the pathology institute of university of Dresden, Germany. By the year 1918, the percentage of cancer had go to about 10% and by the year 1927 it had risen to more than 14%. It was noted in 1930 that t the turn of the new century the malignant tumors had begun to increase and whitethorn be even more by the end of World War I. It was noted that whilst most of the lung tumors happened to men, thither seemed to be a rise of the tumors in women as well. The period of the disease from the condemnation it was know to the time of death was usually between a year and two years at most. In all these cases of the patients diagnosed with the lung tumors, there had been a pro pineed report of chronic bronchitis.The increase o f lung cancer was said to pretend been on the rise due to several probable etiological factors increase in air contaminant by dust and gas pedalses that were emitted by the industries being exposed to gases in World War I change magnitude automobile traffic and working with gasoline or benzene. Nevertheless, lung cancer cases rose at an equally alarming rate in the countries that had few automobiles, less industries and workers not exposed to gasoline and benzene. In several instances, weed was mentioned as a possibility that realized lung cancer, nevertheless many investigations failed to confirm a tie in between lung cancer and smoking. there were that suspicions that smoking did actually gift to the illness. However, in the year 1929, Fritz Linckint, a German physician, enquiryed and published the findings that the lung cancer patients were most possible to be smokers. This led to his campaigns against smoking which led to the spread of anti-tobacco activism in German y.The link amid lung cancer and smoking of cigarettes began to be prominent in the 1930s due to the suspicions of clinicians owed to the increase in the disease. After two decades, smoking was declared an agent that caused lung cancer. In the 1940s in Germany, lung cancer was the second frequent cause of cancer death after stomach cancer. Research by The German Institute for baccy Hazards Research postulated that amongst 109 lung cancer patients, totally three were not smokers. It however took a very long time for the truth to sink in that there was a causative link between lung cancer and smoking. or so of the smokers as well as the physicians, who enjoyed cigarettes refused to trust that their habit was deadly to their health.In the 1500s two regions in Czechoslovakia and Germany, Joachimsthal and Schneeberg were successful mines that yielded arsenous oxide, bismuth, cobalt, nickel and silver. The miners in these ores developed more or less deadly disease that the locals te rmed at the mountain disease that was labeled an occupational disease for the miners. Most thought that arsenic was the root cause of this lung cancer but it was later proven that it was the emissions of radium that was the cause.Lung Cancer Risks and CausesTo a large extent, the biggest cause of lung cancer is smoking. Smoking causes over 8 out of ten lung cancer cases including a tiny fraction caused due to being exposed to second hand smoke for the non-smokers (passive smoking). The more an soul smokes, the high the chances of getting lung cancer though the length of time that one stays a smoker is even more crucial than the number of cigarettes one concerns a day. It is more harmful to start smoking at a a young tender age than starting as an adult. When one stops smoking it shortens the perils they have of contacting lung cancer as compared to continuing to smoke. The sooner one diverges, the better their health. Passive smoking, breathing in other persons smoke from ciga rettes, increases the possibility of lung cancer though it is much less if one smokes themselves. Cigarette smoking is accordingly the major basis of lung cancer. Cigar and pipe smokers likewise have an increase chance of getting lung cancer as compared to those who do not smoke. They are also very likely to get cancer of the lip or mouth. In the past lung cancer was earthy with men than women, but nowadays since more women are smoking, it is also as super C amongst women.Other risk of exposure factors that are known to cause lung cancer allow the exposure to radon gases and definite chemicals, air pollution, a previous lung disease, a family history of lung cancer, lowered immunity, previously smoking related cancers, and a past give-and-take of cancer. Radon gas is a intrinsic radioactive gas that originates from the tiny deposits of uranium found in all soils and rocks. Radon gas is the second biggest cause of lung cancer after smoking. Exposure to radon gas increases th e risk of getting lung cancer for the smokers. It is therefore advisable for the people living in areas prone to this gas to stop smoking since their chances of getting lung cancer are very high.Certain chemicals have been known to cause lung cancer diesel exhaust, silica and asbestos. Contact with Asbestos was common in the 1960s in the shipbuilding and construction industries. Asbestos is still a lung cancer cause since the cancers take a pretty long time to develop. Smokers are at a higher risk of contacting lung cancer when exposed to asbestos. Silica is also a chemical that is used in glass making and is harmful to the human body since it causes a condition called silicosis. A person suffering from this illness has a very high chance of getting lung cancer, and once again, smokers are more at risk as compared to non-smokers. Air pollution has also been known to cause lung cancer. It however ciphers on the level of air pollution one exposes themselves to.People who have had pre vious diseases in the lungs have an increased rate of getting lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a form of lung cancer that occurs after one has had a disease in the past that caused a scar in the lungs. Tuberculosis is one such disease that can leave a scar in the lung. People who have suffered from tuberculosis have a double risk of getting lung cancer. The risk continues for over 20 years of the disease. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a kind of a bacterium known to cause chest infections. The people with the antibodies to Chlamydia pneumonia have an increased chance of getting lung cancer. The risk is even greater for the smokers.Family history of lung cancer could also be another risk factor to lung cancer. If a person has a first degree relative with the disease, their risk of lung cancer pass on be increased by 50%. This risk is however higher if a sister or brother has lung cancer, than the parent. This risk is not dependent on whether an individual smokes or not. Families with smokers could be exposed to smoke from cigarettes and therefore increase the chances of contacting lung cancer whether they have inherited a defective gene or not. Research has it that there is a likelihood that at least a single faulty gene could increase the risk of lung cancer and can be passed down in the family, inherited.There is evidence that violateicular words of cancer could increase the risks of lung cancer. An assessment into the be cured _or_ healed for breast cancer shows that the ways of administering radiotherapy have in the past increased the risk of developing lung cancer. Oestrogen receptor negative patients suffering from breast cancer have a high risk of getting lung cancer. Other people who whitethorn also have increased chances of getting lung cancer are those that have been treated for a type of cancer of the womb, testicular cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Just like in the past causes of cancer discussed above, the chances of getting lung cancer are mo re increased for the smokers. Persons who have had neck, head cancer, cervical cancer and oesophagal cancer have a high risk of lung cancer. This could be explained by the reason that all the mentioned cancers are common for smokers, though it could also be due to radiotherapy curative procedures.The drugs that people take after they have had organ transplants and the people with HIV/AIDS both have low immunity. People with HIV or AIDS therefore have a risk of lung cancer that is 3 times more than those that do not have the disease. People who use drugs that suppress immunity after they have had an organ transplant have a double the conventionalism risk of lung cancer. People with autoimmune conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis also have an increased chance of getting lung cancer.Signs and Symptoms of Lung CancerLung cancer whitethorn not produce any conspicuous symptoms during the early stages. In about 40% of persons diagnosed with lung cancer, diagnosis is ordin arily made after the disease has already go on. In most of the patients, the cancer advances to stage three for it to be detected. There are however some lung cancer symptoms that one ought to watch out for and seek medical attention early in advance.A new cough that lingers is one sign of lung cancer since a cough related to a respiratory infection or cold should disappear inside one to two weeks. One should not label a lingering cough as further a cough whether it is mucus producing or dry. It is therefore advisable to see a doctor immediately for testing. Changes in the cough is also trivial to note more so for the smokers. These changes include the cough having a hoarse and deeper sound, coughing up more mucus than normal or blood and coughing more often than is usual. Becoming easily breathless or experiencing shortness of breath are some probable indicators of lung cancer. This symptom could probably occur when the lung cancer narrows or blocks the airway, or when fluid fro m the lung tumor accumulates in the chest. This symptom should not be ignored for tiredness or push aside for whatever reason.The presence of lung cancer can produce pain the back, shoulder and chest areas. The aching feeling could however not be accompanied by coughing. The chest pain caused by lung cancer is owed to a discomfort that is as a result of metastasis or the enlargement of lymph nodes to the ribs, pleura (lining in the lung region) or the chest wall. take a breath is another symptom of lung cancer. The whistling or wheezing sound is produced by the lungs when one breaths, since the airways become inflamed, blocked and constricted by the occurrence of the tumor. Since wheezing is associated with treatable and benignant causes, one should have it checked and not assume it since it could be a probable cause of lung cancer. The voice changes when one has lung cancer and becomes raspier, hoarse and deeper. Hoarseness in normal circumstances could be as a result of a simple cold, but when it persists to more than two weeks it ought to be checked out. The hoarseness that is related to lung cancer occurs when a tumor tampers with the nerves that are responsible for controlling the voice box or larynx.A weight loss that cannot be explained of close to 10 pounds or more may be linked to lung cancer or a different type of lung cancer. When there is a cancer in the body, ones weight drops as a result of the cancer prison cells using the energy in the body. It also tampers with the normal way in which the body uses energy acquired from food. Lung cancer could spread to the bones producing pain in the body and more so in the back. The pain is worse at night when the patient rests on their back. Lung cancer is also linked to pain in the neck, arm and shoulder. Headaches could be a sign that the lung cancer has spread to the brain. The headaches could also be triggered by pressure by the lung tumor on the superior vena cava (the large vein responsible for mov ing blood to the heart from the upper body).Prevention of Lung CancerSeveral factors may help in the protection of lung cancer diet, physical activity, aspirin and having eightfold sclerosis. Vegetables and fresh fruits may help in the prevention of lung cancer since they contain chemicals that can prevent damage to cells. The antioxidant vitamins E, C and A, are also thought to help in the reduction of lung cancer. New evidence postulates that flavonoids in many vegetables and fruits help reduce the risk of lung cancer. Research is however ongoing to find out which exact nutrients in vegetables and fruits are of utmost help. Beta cryptoxanthin, found in fruits like mangoes and oranges may lower risk of lung cancer. Changing diet alone cannot reduce the risk of lung cancer much when one carries on smoking. The most vital thing is to quit smoking.Studies have shown that high levels of physical activity can lower the risk of lung cancer. This includes the activities at home, work and leisure activities such as golf and walking. Some research has it that taking aspirin may reduce the risk of lung cancer but other studies have not. Other studies postulate that aspirin intake may lone(prenominal) reduce the risk in men or for people taking 7 tablets within a week. It is however not advisable to take aspirin on regular basis without the doctors instructions since it may cause bleeding or damage the stomach lining. People with multiple sclerosis, jibe to some research, have a low lung cancer risk.Types of Lung CancerThere are two main lung cancer types Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer. The staging of lung cancer depends on whether the cancer has spread from lungs to lymph nodes or other organs, or whether the cancer is local. Since the lungs are very large, tumors can grow for a long duration forward they are found. Symptoms such as fatigue and coughing may occur but people will always dismiss them opinion they are caused by other cau ses. Due to this reason, the early stages of lung cancer (stages I and II) are difficult to detect. Most people suffering from cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV.Treatment Options for Lung CancerThere are cardinal varied ways on how to treat lung cancer targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. The options for treatment and recommendations highly depend on a number of factors such as the patients overall health and preferences, the likely side effects and the stage and type of lung cancer. The sustentation plan also includes treatment for the symptoms and the side effects.SurgeryA thoracic surgeon is mainly trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The aim of surgery in cancer treatment is to completely remove the lung tumor and the close by lymph nodes in the chest area. The tumor should be removed with a surrounding adjustment or border of normal lung tissue. Several types of surgery may possibly be used for lung cancer Pneumonectomy, segmentectomy, a wedge, lobectomy, radiofrequency ablation and adjuvant therapy. Adjuvant therapy is the cure given after surgery to lessen the lung cancer risk returning. It involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy and radiation therapy. The intention behind adjuvant therapy is to rid the body of any cancer cells that may still be in the body after the surgery.Radiation therapyThis is the application of high energy x-rays and other particles to destroy cells of cancer. A radiation oncologist gives radiation therapy to cancer patients. External-beam radiation therapy is the most regularly used form of radiation therapy used that is given by use of a machine that is outside the body. Brachytherapy, radiation treatment using implants, in not used for lung cancer. Lung cancer patients who undergo radiation therapy bewilder loss of appetite and fatigue. If therapy is administered in the center of the chest or neck, patients may have difficulty swallowing or experience a sore throat.ChemotherapyThis is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells finished stopping the cancer cells growth and division. Chemotherapy has been proven to repair the quality and length of life for the lung cancer patients in all stages. Common ways of administering chemotherapy is through placing an intravenous (IV) tube that is placed in the vein by use of needle or a capsule or pill administered orally. Chemotherapy side effects depend on the dose used and individual. They include hairsbreadth loss, diarrhea, appetite loss, vomiting, nausea, fatigue and risk of infection. The side effects normally go away when the treatment is finished.Targeted therapyThis form of treatment blocks the spread and growth of cancer cells whilst control harm to healthy cells. For lung cancer, the types of targeted therapy administered include anti-angiogenesis therapy.ConclusionIt is not always possible to recover fully from cancer. When the treatment does not succeed, the disease is called terminal or advanced cancer. Dia gnosis is very stressful for many patients to discuss. It is however crucial to have an honest and open discussion with the healthcare team or doctor to extract concerns, preferences and feelings. Patients with advanced cancer and expected to live for less than six months should consider palliative care known as hospice. Hospice care is intended to provide the possible best quality life for people near the end of life.Arius and Athanasius AnalysisArius and Athanasius AnalysisSYPNOSISArius and Athanasius were archrivals of the Arian controversy. Arius was the leading father in Arianism whilst Athanasius was the defender of the Nicaean immortal for orthodox christianity against Arianism. As Arianism rejects the deity fudge of Christ, salvation to mankind was at stake. Athanasius advocates the consubstantiality of the three persons of the trinity which was crucial argument to defend the divinity of Christ. Consequently Athanasius had built the ground of the Trinitarian and Chr istological ism which together with the humanity of Christ represents the complete Trinitarian theology. I. INTRODUCTIONThe fourth century church experienced a major crisis in understanding paragons divine nature, characteristics and relationship with members of the divinity fudgehead. This Arian controversy centred upon two archrival theologians, Arius and Athanasius.1 The controversy represented a new phase of doctrinal emergence of the theologyhead and led to the Council of Nicaea in 325 and the performs first ecumenical statement of the triple. 2 Athanasius was the champion of Nicene Theology, who greatly defended the traditional Christianity against the Arian unorthodoxy.3 Section II of this essay will briefly discuss the background of Arius, and summarize his basic theology. Section III will provide an overview about Athanasiuss life, Athanasius theology in conjunction with his defence against the Arians heresiarch claims. Finally, the conclusion will be drawn in Sect ion IV.II. THE ARIAN CONTROVERSYThe Arian controversy ignited in 318, when Arius openly taught his heretic teachings that denied the full divinity of the boy. Consequently, Arius challenged his bishop (Alexander of Alexandria) and teachers of Alexandria to an Christological conflict.4 The controversy lasted for nearly half a century and became the confrontation between the two archrivals, the Nicene party and Origenists.5 Athanasius coined the names Arian and Arians as dyslogistic political and theological slurs against Arius and his opponents, who disagreed with him on the consubstantiality of the watchword with the induce, and those meant the Son as a creature or held fast to Arius basic position. Cf. doubting Thomas G. Weinandy, Athanasius a Theological Introduction (Hampshire, England Ashgate publish, 2007), 51-52. Donald K. McKim, Theological Turning Points Major Issues in Christian Thought (Atlanta John Knox Press, 1988), 14.Justo L. Gonzlez, The drool of Christianity The Early Church to the Dawn of The renewal (3 vols.,New York HarperCollins Publishers, 1984, Vol. 1), 173. Johannes Quasten, Pathology The Golden Age ofGreek Patristic Literature. From the Council of Nicaea to the council of Chalcedon (Utrecht, NetherlandsSpectrum Publishers, 1963, Vol. III), 66.Bruce L. Shelly, Church History in Plain Language (2nd Ed., Dallas, Texas Word Publishing, 1995), 100.Everett Ferguson (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Early Christianity (New York Garland Publishing Inc., 1990), 8485, 92. The controversy roots bring down deep in the differences of the ante-Nicene doctrine of theLogos, especially in the two contradictory half truths of Origens Christology, which wasclaimed by both archrivals the full divinity of Christ and his eternal distinctness fromthe breed.6 Conclusively, the Arians were the catalysts, rather than the main participants.7II.1. ARIUS AND HIS DOCTRINETrained in the Lucian domesticate, Arius was called one of the heretical fathers of Arianism.8 A rianism was a heretical doctrine of theological rationalism, based on the teachings of Lucian of Antioch, Paul of Samosata, and Neoplatonic theory of subordinationism.9 Arius wrote very little and only a few fragments survived. Thalia was his only own writing which Athanasius recited.10 Most information about Arius life and his doctrine came from Athanasius writings.11Influenced by Origen, Arius rejected the term (consubstantial) and insisted the concrete and distinct three persons () of the idolhead, a separate tenderness and the subordination of the Son to Father.12 Nicene split the church into two major groups 1) The Nicene party consisted of the West, the school of Antioch and other in the East like Athanasius. They support the full deity of Jesus Christ, but were less wee on the eternal threeness of the Godhead. They did not deny the distinction between Father, Son and Holy feel (i.e. they were not Monarchians), but they did not state it as forcefully as the Origenists wa nted and so appeared to them to be Monarchian. (2) The Origenists were strong on the threeness of the Godhead, but less clear on the deity of Jesus Christ. They were not Arians (i.e. they did not see Jesus Christ as a creature made out of nothing), but they held him to be inferior to the Father and so appeared Arian to the Nicene party. Cf. Tony Lane, A Concise History of Christian Thought (Rev. ed., London TT Clark, 2006), 30. Philip Schaff, Arianism in A phantasmal Encyclopaedia or dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology (3rd ed. Toronto, New York London Funk Wagnalls Company, 1894, Vol. 1) 134137. Cf. http//www.earlychurch.org.uk/arianism-schaff.html (29 April 2010).Tony Lane, A Concise History of Christian Thought, 30-31. Philip Schaff, Arianism in A ReligiousEncyclopaedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology, 134-137. Cf.http//www.earlychurch.org.uk/arianism-schaff.html (29 April 2010).Johannes Quasten, Path ology, 7.Ephiphanius, Panarion 69,4. Theodoret, Historia ecclesiastica, 1,4. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 15.Note Scholars still debate over the ideological forerunner of Arius doctrine, whether it was derived from thetheories of Origen, or of Paul of Samosata, or of Lucian of Antioch. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 2, 6-8.Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos, I.5,6 Athanasius, De Synodis, 15. R. P. C. Hanson, The attempt forChristian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381 (Edinburgh T T Clark Ltd., 1988), 11.And a few sources from the church historians of the fourth and twenty percent centuries, and from the letters of St.Basil and of Epiphanius of Salamis. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 10-13.Philip Schaff, Arianism in A Religious Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal,and Practical Theology, 134-137. John Behr, The Way to Nicaea The Formation of Christian Theology (3vols. Crestwood, New York St Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2001, Vol. 1), 200 -201. Arius denied all internal divine relations existing between the Father and the Son theeternal deity of Christ and his equality with the Father ().13II.2. A SUMMARY OF ARIUS THEOLOGYArius basic doctrine14 (1) Godhead is uncreated, unbegotten (), without beginning15 (2) The Son of God cannot be genuinely God. The Son is the first of Gods creatures, a secondary God, god by participation. Like the other foundings, the Son is not unbegotten (), he is one of the things fashioned and made, 16 brought out ex nihilo ( ). There was a time when the Son of God was not ( ).17 Neither does the Son indeed know his own substance as it is, he was created for our sake, rather than we for his. He is the Son of God not in the metaphysical, but in the lesson sense of the word.18 By the will of God, the Son has his statute and character ( ). The Son is by his nature changeable, mutable, equally with otherrational beings. The Father is ineffable to the Son for neither does the Word (Logos)pe rfectly and accurately know the Father, neither can he perfectly see Him (the Father).19(3) The title of God is improper for the Son of God, since the only true God follow himas Son in prevision of his merits. This sonship by adoption insists no real participationin the divinity and no true likeness to it Thus, the absolute and eternal divinity of Christ13Epiphanius, Panarion 69.6.1ff. Theodoret of Cyrus, Haereticarum fabularum compendium (History ofHeresies) I.5. Cf. Philip Schaff, Arius in A Religious Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical,Doctrinal, and Practical Theology,139. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 7-8.14Epiphanius, Panarion 69,6. Theodoret, Historia ecclesiastica, 1,5,1-4. Athanasius, De Synodis 15.Socrates, Historia ecclesiastica, 1,6. Gelasius of Cyzicus, Historia conc. Nic. 2,3. Cf. Johannes Quasten,Pathology, 8, 14, 15-16.Cf. Athanasius, Epistula encyclical ad episcopos Aegypti et Libyae, 12. Athanasius,NPNG2-04. Athanasius Select Work and Letters (Phil ip Schaff ed. Grand Rapids, Mi Christian Classics frolicsome Library, 1892), 229. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204/Page_229.html (25 April 2011).15Theodoret, Historia ecclesiastica, 1.4.1. See also the conclusion in Arius first Letter to Eusebius ofNicomedia. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 10.16Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 16.17See the Arius conclusion in his first Letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia. Athanius, De Synodis, II.26. Cf.Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 10. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The ArianControversy 318-381, 8.18Athanasius, Ad Episcopos Aegypti 12. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 16. Maurice F. Wiles, Archetypalheresy Arianism through the centuries, 8.19Italic words are mine. Athanasius, De Synodis 15. Cf. Maurice F. Wiles, Archetypal heresy Arianismthrough the centuries, 7. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy318-381, 15.3 is to be denied.20 (4) The Logos is created by God as the instrument of c reation. The Logosholds a middle place between God and the world is made flesh by the will of the Father andfulfilled in Jesus Christ the chromosome mapping of a nous, though divine, was less than fully divine. 21(5) The Holy Spirit is the first creature of the Logos, and is still less God than the Word.III. ATHANASIUS AND HIS THEOLOGYThough Athanasius was not a systematic theologian, his greatest dedication in life was the fierce defence of orthodox Christianity against the Arian heresy. 22 He was so identified with the cause that the straight history of the Arian controversy is best told by following Athanasius life.23 The three discourses of Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos, were his main dogmatic writings targeted against Arianism.24 The first discourse contained the definition of the Nicene Council there is a unity of divine essence between the Father and the Son, and the Son is eternal, increated () and unchangeable.25III.1. ATHANASIUSAthanasius, De Synodis, 15. Cf. Jo hannes Quasten, Pathology, 8. Cf. the following citation The leaders in the Arian movement (Arius himself, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Maris and Theognis) trustworthy their training under Lucian and always venerated him as their master and the founder of their system. Later critics of Lucian, including Alexander of Alexandria, during the Council of Nicaea in 325, associated his school with Ariuss rejection of the absolute divinity of Christ. No one before Lucian of Antioch and Arius had taught that the Logos is categorically different from God. of Lucian of Antioch in New Word Encyclopedia. http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Lucian_of_Antioch (10 April 2011).Cf. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381, 100-101.Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 67-68.Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 66.Justo L. Gonzlez, The Story of Christianity, 166.Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 26.Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 26.The systematic and reliable ancient account of Athanasius could be found in theframework, such as Historia acephala and Festal Index.26Ordained as deacon to his bishop Alexander in Alexandria, Athanasius accompaniedAlexander to the Council at Nicaea (325). Later he succeeded Alexander and became thebishop of Alexandria (328-373).27 Athanasius, as a leading Christian writer of NeoAlexandrine School, adopted the historic-grammatical variant of Scripture (whichthe School of Antioch advocated) in all polemical and theological controversy with theArians.28The Arians enlisted the support of secular power and corrupt church authority to silence and destroy Athanasius. When Athanasius refused Constantines order to readmit Arius to communion, his opponents launched all kind of allegations, causing calumnies further to increase.29 For instance, under the influence of Eusebius of Nicomedia, the bishops of the Tyrian Synod condemned Athanasius with steers which he could not escape. They exiled Athanasius to Trier and restored Arius to chu rch communion and reinstate him into the browse of the clergy.30The history about Athanasius life is also found in his own writings and the Syriac introduction to his Festal Letters, also in Historia acephala or called Historia Athanasii, Gregory Nazianzens Oration 21, and some fragments of a Coptic eulogy. Cf. Timothy D. Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire (2nd Printing 1994 Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1993), 5. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 20.Athanasius in Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. http//www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Mainentry=t100.e116 (18 March 2011). Cf. David Hugh Farmer, Athanasius in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Oxford, UK Oxford University Press, 2003). Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 2, 20. Timothy D. Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire, 1.Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 2, 20.Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 20-21.Athanasi us was firstly charged with murder (sorcery and murder of Arsenius, a Meletian bishop in the Thebaid). His second charge was a political kind (he had exposeed to stop the Alexandrian corn-ships).His third charge was his order to assault the presbyter Ischyras. Cf. St. Athanasius (ca. 297 373), Patriarch of Alexandria in Christian Classic Ethereal Library. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/athanasius (18 March 2011). Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 9. Archibald Robertson, Select Writings and Letters of Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria Edited, with Prolegomena, Indices, and Titles (Ann Arbor, Michigan Cushing-Malloy Inc., 1978), lxxxvi. John Behr, The Nicene Faith Part1, 165-166. For the letter, see H.I. Bell, Jesus and Christians in Egypt (London 1924), 53-71. Because of Arian controversy, Athanasius spent seventeen of his forty-five years as bishop in five different exiles.31 This situation happened, probably because his Defence against the Arians gave so full an account.32 Athanasius was lik ened to a modern gangster, an unscrupulous politician,33 because of his oppressive and violent authoritative nature.34 However he had never been formally charged with heresy,35 and some mentioned that he was the pillar of the church36 And the Roman Church hailed him among the four greatFathers of the East.37III.2. ATHANASIUS THEOLOGYAlexander and his successor Athanasius laid emphasis on Origens insistence on the Sons eternal divinity related to the existence of God as Father rather than creator, which had led to the Nicene doctrine of the identity of substance (). Athanasius prioritized faith over reason, contrary to Arians rationalistic tendency.38 Athanasius theological feeler was centred on Soteriology.39 He was committed to monotheism.40 But Arius account of God was incoherent since on one interpretation it was similar to the radical Judaic monotheism, and the other interpretation of it (one that emphasized the Son is god in some secondary sense) was equivalent to a kind of p olytheism two gods, namely one God who is ingenerate and 31 Tony Lane, A Concise History of Christian Thought, . Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 20. St. Athanasius (ca. 297 373), Patriarch of Alexandria in Christian Classic Ethereal Library. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/athanasius (18 March, 2011). See also, Timothy D. Barnes, Athanasius andConstantius Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire, 20. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381, 239-273, 422. Cf. David M. Gwynn, The Eusebians The Polemic of Athanasius of Alexandria and the Construction of the Arian Controversy (Oxford Theological Monographs Oxford Oxford University Press, 2007), 2. Maurice F. Wiles, Archetypal heresy Arianism through the centuries, 6. John Behr, The Nicene Faith Part 1, 167. Cf. Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma, (6 vols trans. Neil Buchanan New York Dover Publications,1961, Vol. 4), 62. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma4.ii.ii.i.i.iii.html (25 April 2011).Gregory of Nazianzus, The Orations 21, 26. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 20. The four great Fathers of the Eastern Church John Chrysostom, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Athanasius of Alexandria were recognized in 1568 by Pope St. Pius V. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 20. Church Fathers in Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church (6 April 2011).Athanasius, In Illud Omnia mihi tradita sunt, 6. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 66. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God, 423. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God, 425. one who is generated. This resulted in two incongruous accusations against the Arians thatthey were no better than Jews and that they were identical with pagans. 41Unlike the Arians, who needed the Son as a lower god to reconcile an nonpareil andimpassable God with the Scriptural message that God suffered for humankinds salvation,Athanasius dealt with the self-revelation of God who had come into the closest contactwith His creation (Jn 149).42Athanasius endeavoured to substantiate the very tradition, teaching, and faith of theCatholic Church from the beginning, which the Lord gave, the Apostles preached, and theFathers kept. Athanasius maintained, I have delivered the tradition, without inventinganything extraneous to it. The tradition was that the one God is a Triad.43 threeAt the heart of Athanasiuss theology of Incarnation lay his doctrine of Trinity,44 summed up as follows There is a Trinity, holy and complete, consistent, eternal and indivisible in nature, not composed of one that creates and one that originated, but all creative, called to be God in Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The Father does all things through the Word (the Son) in the Holy Spirit. Their activity is one, and their unity is preserved. The Trinity is Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos III.67, I.17, 18, III.16. Maurice F. Wiles, Archetypal heresy Arianism through the centuries, 8. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381, 424-425.R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God, 426.Athanasius, Epistulae IV ad Serapionem episcopum Thmuitanum, I, 28-33. Cf. Johannes Quasten,Pathology, 66. Brian LePort, An Introduction to the Letters of Serapion on the Holy Spirit by Athanasius ofAlexandria, 18.http//westernseminary.academia.edu/BrianLePort/Papers/172851/An_Introduction_to_the_Letters_of_Serapion_on_the_Holy_Spirit_by_Athanasius_of_Alexandria. (21 April 2011).Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos III.15 Athanasius, NPNG2-04. Athanasius Select Work and Letters, 402. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204/Page_402.html (20 April 2011). R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381, 424-425. not only in name and form of speech but in truth and actuality. Thus one God, who is overall (Eph. 46), and through all and in all.45 Athanasius constantly defended the ontological unity o f the Father and the Son through his Scriptural argument. He proved the divinity of Christ and of Holy Spirit,46 because if we participate in Christ, we essential then participate in God, if our redemption is to be assured. 47 Athanasius refuted Arius claims that the Son was a creature and had come into being from non-existence, and that there was a time when He was not. Athanasius argued that there can be only one Son the eternal Word and Wisdom of the substance of God the Father, and that the Word is always synchronal with the Father, who is the creator and Lord of all, to whom all things owed their existence.48 Athanasius rejected the Arian position that the very name Son presumes His being generated, and that the Son (the Word) is a work of the will of God for the creation of the world. Athanasius argued that to be begotten implies to be an offspring of the Fathers essence, not of His will, since begetting in God differs from human begetting because of Gods indivisibility.Bec ause the Son is in the Father and proper to Him, as the radiance in the light and stream from fountain, Athanasius asserted that the Sons eternal relation to the Father is essential Italic words are mine. Athanasius, Epistulae IV ad Serapionem episcopum Thmuitanum, I, 2, 12, 14, 16, 19-20, 25, 27, 31 III, 15. Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos II.24, 25. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 66-67. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381, 427. Athanasius, De incarnation et contra Arianos, 13-19. Cf. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381, 422. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 29. Kurt Aland, A History of Christianity From the Beginnings to the Threshold of the rehabilitation (Trans. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia Fortress Press, 1980, Vol. 1), 191. Athanasius, Vita antonii, 69. Athanasius, Depositio Arii, 2, 3. Athanasius, Epistula de decretis Nicaenae synodi, 11. Athanasius, On Luke X.22 (Matt . XI.27) in In Illud Omnia mihi tradita sunt, 4. Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos, III.4 Cf. Athanasius, NPNG2-04. Athanasius Select Work and Letters, 214. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204/Page_214.html (15 April 2011). Athanasius, NPNG2-04. Athanasius Select Work and Letters, 70. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204/Page_70.html (15 April 2011). Athanasius, NPNG2-04. Athanasius Select Work and Letters, 89. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204/Page_89.html (18 April 2011). Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 69. and not merely moral as Arius viewed.49 Also, Athanasius refuted the Docetic views of theArians and Apollonarians on the relationship of the historical Christ to the eternal Son. 50 Arius maintained, based on Proverbs 822ff, that the Sons mediatory ontological military position between God and creation was necessary, because the Father was too high and mighty, or too proud to carry out the work of creation himself, and therefore begot the Son as the minister of the i ntentions of the Father.51 However, Athanasius argued that the terms applied to the Incarnate and not the pre-existent Christ Thus, Athanasius implied that the mediating activity of the Son is not in his position within the Godhead, but in his becoming Incarnate.So, Athanasius placed the Son (Logos) on the side of God, opposite Arius placement of the Son on the side of the creatures.52 Athanasius insisted that the Son has in common with the Father the fullness of the Fathers Godhead and the Son is entirely God.53 Against Arius subordination of the Son, Athanasius argued that if the Son says, The Father is greater than I, He means that, The Father is the origin, the Son the derivation.54 Eternally begotten, the Son is the Fathers substance, He is consubstantial to the Father, He is .55 Athanasius also rejected the term as unacceptable. So, Athanasius defended the term against the Arians and Semi-Arians.56 Consequently, Athanasius disapproved what the Arians claim a proceeding orig in for the Father and the Son.57 Athanasius, Epistula ad Afros episcopos, 3-6. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 56, 67-68. Athanasius, Epistula ad Epictetum episcopum Corinthi, 9. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 59. Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos II.24-25. Cf. Maurice F. Wiles, Archetypal heresy Arianism through the centuries, 8. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381, 101.Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos, II.25 I.16 III.3, 6 II.41 III.3,4. Athanasius, Epistula ad Afros episcopos, 3-6. Cf. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318381, 424. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 67. Athanasius, Oratinones contra Arianos I.16 III.6. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 68. Athanasius, Oratinones contra Arianos III, 3 Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 69. Athanasius, De Synodis 41. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 69. Athanasius, De Synodis 41. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 69-70. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God, 434. Logos and RedemptionAthanasius theology of the Logos centred upon the concept of redemption.58 For Athanasius, the redeeming will of God necessitated the incarnation of Christ and his death. If God Himself had not become man, and if Christ were not God, there would not have been redemption for mankind.59 This can only required that Christ was God by nature, not by participation, because the latter could never have formed the likeness of God in anyone. Thus, Athanasius refuted the Arian concept of the Son as god by participation.60ChristologyAthanasius theology upheld the real distinction between the divinity and humanity after the Incarnation, yet emphasized the personal unity of Christ. Consequently, whatever the Lord did as God and as human being belongs to the same person.61 Athanasius refuted the Arian charge of creature-worship directed against the Nicene Christology with the argument, that Catholics do not worship the humanity of Chr ist, but the Lord of creation, the Word Incarnate.62Holy SpiritBy maintaining that the Spirit is no creature, but is one with the Son as the Son is one with the Father, the Spirit is glorified with the Father and the Son, and confessed as God with the Word, Athanasius rejected the idea of the Holy Spirit being one of the Athanasius, De incarnatione et contra Arianos, 9, 54. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 70-71. Athanasius, De incarnatione et contra Arianos, 8. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 71. Athanasius, De Synodis 51. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 71-72. Athanasius, De Sententia Dionysii 9. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology,72. Athanasius, Epistula ad Adelphium et confessorem, 3. Athanasius, Letter LX. To Adelphius, Bishop and Confessor against the Arians in NPNG2-04. Athanasius Select Work and Letters, 575. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204/Page_575.html (20 April 2011). Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, ministering spiritual creatures, and insisted the Godhead of the Holy Spirit check to the Nicene Creed.63 Athanasius defended the non-scriptural Nicene term (consubstantial) and (of the essence). He claimed that these terms were to be found in the Scripture, and they had already been used by the Church Fathers, including Tertullian, Origen, Dionysius of Rome, Dionysius of Alexandria and Theognostus.64 Against the claims of the heretic Arians and Tropicists, Athanasius gave the reasons for adopting the word (consubstantial) for both the Son and the Spirit in relation to the Father, and proved that the Nicaeas Trinitarian formula was in accordance with Scripture.65 Athanasius accused the Arians of teaching that God was not always a Trinity since the Son has not always existed, and also of dividing the Trinity because they attributed different natures to the Father and the Son.66Arianism attacks the very nature of Christianity because it denotes a God who was not a true God at all, who was in no position to communicate salvation to humans, and therefore incapable for redeeming mankind.67 The Arian doctrine, which formed a canon Athanasius, Epistulae IV ad Serapionem episcopum Thmuitanum, I, 1, 15-21, 27, 31 III.1. Athanasius, Oratinones contra Arianos II, 25, 26, 73, 74. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 56, 67. For a discussion of Athanasiuss use of homoousious of the Spirit, see Kilian McDonald, The other hand of God the Holy Spirit as the Universal corpuscle and Goal (Collegeville, Minnesota, USA Liturgical Press, 2003), 18, 74, 126. Athanasius, Epistula de decretis Nicaenae synodi, 18. Athanasius, NPNG2-04. Athanasius Select Work and Letters, 163. http//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204/Page_163.html (20 April 2011). Cf. JohannesQuasten, Pathology, 61.Epistula de decretis Nicaenae synodi (Letter Concerning the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea) was written about 350/351 and addressed by Athanasius to one of his friends, to whom the Arian claim had caused confusion. Whereas and Epistulae IV ad Serapionem episcopum Thmui tanum (the four letters concerning the Holy Spirit) was written by Athanasius around 359/360 and addressed to Serapion to refute the heretic tropicists, who opposed the divinity of the Holy Spirit. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 57, 61. Kilian McDonald, The other hand of God the Holy Spirit as the Universal Touch and Goal, 18. R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318-381, 424. Athanasius, De synodis 51. Cf. Johannes Quasten, Pathology, 8. Maurice F. Wiles, Archetypal heresy Arianism through the centuries, 7. of scriptural misinterpretation, was a slander against the Fathers. 68 The worship which the Arians offered to God was a blasphemous idolatry. 69 Athanasius defended the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father, successfully explained the nature and generation of the Logos, built the ground of the Trinitarian and Christological doctrine of the Church, and thus established the theological foundation for centuries to come.70Athanas ius Christological weaknessIn his Christology, Athanasius did not assign any important role to the human soul of Christ. In fact, When the Arians objected the divinity of Christ by referring to the Scriptural passages which mention the inner suffering, fear and affliction of the Logos, Athanasius never made use the opportunity and never attacked the Arians in this error, because it dealt with the human soul of Christ. 71 Christs death is to Athanasius is a separation of Logos and body.72 Athanasius theology was based on Logos-Sarx theology. In relation to Orationes contra Arianos (III.35-37) its weakness was revealed when Athanasius could not gabfest to the Arians in (1) the connecting link between the Logos and his flesh (2) the existence of a human soul in Christ.73Athanasius, De Sententia Dionysii 1. Cf. Maurice F. Wiles, Archetypal heresy Arianism through thecenturies, 8.Athanasius, Orationes contra Arianos I.8, II.43, III.16. Athanasius, Ad Episcopos Aegypti 13. Cf. MauriceF. Wiles, Archetypal heresy AriWhat are the impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity?What are the impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity?Thesis the greatest impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity are the possible invasion of escapees, the degradation of the environment, especially through eutrophication, and the greater risk of harm caused to a wild population.LINK TO IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY (EFFECT) AQUACULTURE (CAUSE)IntroAquaculture can be thought of as a practice that it similar to farming. It involves the cultivation of aquatic dwelling organisms either on land, in a tank system or artificial pond (offshore), or in a naturally occurring waterbody using nets or cages to contain the farmed organisms (Lee and Yoo 2014 Rabasso and Hernandez 2015). Aquaculture as an industry has grown significantly in the past few decades, growing to satisfy the demanding needs of the human food supply network (Diaz-Almela et al. 2008 Borja et al. 2009 Rabasso and Hernandez 2015), as it is an important n atural resource (Ormerod 2003). This increase in captive cultivation has slowed the unsustainable practice of plenty catching wild stocks as a supply (Santos et al. 2015 Frazer 2009). Aquaculture exists as one of the fastest growing industries in the world today (Naylor et al. 2001), and this growth is projected to increase ever further (Froehlic et al. 2017). Despite this, many of these elegant organisms can have a negative impact on the environment that they inhabit (Fleming et al. 1996 Boyd 2003), in part because of its proximity with the natural environment (Abdou et al. 2017). Aquaculture has the king to greatly impact biodiversity as well if not carefully managed. These impacts on biodiversity can resonate through multiple trophic levels, and can completely change the natural environment. The greatest impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity are the possible invasion of escapees, the degradation of the environment, particularly through eutrophication, and the greater risk of harm caused to a wild population. Through these modes of disruption, aquaculture has the ability to drastically alter the present biodiversity if not managed appropriately.1 the possible invasion of escapeesThe possibility of escaped organisms encroaching(a) a habitat, and pushing out a native species is quite high when aquaculture is in or near existing waterbodies. A wide variety of organisms are farmed in the world (Naylor et al. 2001). From this, Aquaculture has led to the introduction of many invasive species into the ecosystem, and poor practices may cause invasion occurrences to happen more often (Naylor et al. 2001). The escape of cultured organisms can threaten both the habitats and gene pool of wild populations, causing them, and the surrounding biodiversity to change drastically (Fleming et al. 1996). The organisms that are either intentionally, or unintentionally released are able to reproduce in their new habitat rather successfully (Fleming et al. 1996 Volpe 2000). Ma ny escapes such as salmon, are able to out compete, and out number the wild populations, thus threatening their survival (Fleming et al. 1996). Their invasion may lead to a change in ecosystem dynamics, effectively impacting the natural biodiversity that would otherwise be present.2 the degradation of the environment, particularly through eutrophicationThe degradation of the natural environment is just one of the many drawbacks that Aquaculture presents. As a result of the exponential growth of the industry, the sustainability and environ affable impact of Aquaculture is often scrutinized (Rabasso and Hernandez 2015) for the elevated levels of greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient pollution, water use, and land use that has followed (Gephart et al. 2016). There are many detrimental practices to Aquaculture such as water pollution from pond discharge, the excessive use of antibiotics to combat disease, Salinization of land from pond leeching, and the mass consumption of freshwater for f arming purposes (Boyd 2003). Many of these practices degrade the environment, and threaten biodiversity in such a way that is irreversible. Aquaculture, and in particular fish farms, are an increasing cause of anthropogenic disturbance in benthic communities, (Diaz-Almela et al. 2008). Often when farmed within an natural waterbody, fish cages and nets see the release of large quantities of organic waste matter that are spread by water-flow and may lead to biochemical changes, and cause the deoxygenation of the aquatic environment, further impacting benthic communities (Zhang and Kitazawa 2016 Diaz-Almela et al. 2008 OCarroll et al. 2016). In the aquaculture industry, fish farming can promote an increased rate of eutrophication which can severely damage coastal ecosystems (Yu et al. 2016) through the addition of elements such as Nitrogen and Phosphorous (Penczak et al. 1982). The damage caused by eutrophication can lead to a disturbance like effect, which can in turn, cause a signifi cant decrease in the biodiversity of that area (Abdou et al. 2017), further degrading the environment.In an attempt to combat the damage caused when farming within a natural ecosystem, many countries of the European Union (including Canada, the United States, and Australia) are beginning to establish offshore farming with the hope for improved sustainability (Froehlic et al. 2017).Social Learning Theory insinuate and EvaluateSocial Learning Theory Outline and EvaluateEllie ThomasCriminologyOutline what is meant by the term identification in relation to the social acquire theory start out. 2 marksIdentification is a psychological process whereby someone identifies with something from another person, typically a model of theirs, and then uses this in order to change their personality. For prototype, a little boy may identify with his older brother because they are both male, and so when he sees him stealing from a shop, he copies.Explain one limitation of the social bringing theo ry approach. 3 marksThis approach is less determinist than the behavioristic approach. Reciprocal determination, introduced by Bandura, is the idea that we are not just influenced by environmental factors, however but merely influences and directs us to behave a certain way. This suggests that we have a sense of free will in our behaviour, and doesnt just stick to one theory as to why we behave the way that we do.Outline and evaluate the social learning theory approach. Refer to the behaviourist approach as part of your evaluation.Even though the social learning theory (SLT) does agree with the behaviourist theory that most of our behaviour is learned through experience Bandura also propose the idea that people can learn through different way, e.g. observation and imitation. Learning does occur through classical and operant learn however, we can also learn indirectly through watching others and learning from mistakes. other word for this is vicarious reinforcement learning thro ugh observing and imitating indirectly. An individual observes the behaviour of someone and if the behaviour is received positively, they would learn that they can do that, and if it is received negatively, they will know to never do it. So, if someone is punished we learn not to copy the behaviour, and if someone is rewarded we know that we should or could repeat that behaviourA huge idea throughout the SLT approach is the role of mediational processes. This is the concept that mental processes effect our behaviour. These mental factors, or mediational processes, created by Bandura, are attention the extent to which we notice certain behaviours retention how well the behaviour is remembered motor reproduction the ability to perform the behaviour and motivation the will to perform the behaviour.Identification is also a key concept in SLT. This is when people are more likely to imitate the behaviour of people we identify with. These are known as models. We can find models in peop le we find attractive, family, friends, and peers, and people of high status. If we see our model behaving in a certain way, we are more lily to copy it (imitate it).One strength of the social learning theory is that it is less determinist than the behaviourist approach. Reciprocal determination, introduced by Bandura, is the idea that we are not just influenced by environmental factors, however but merely influences and directs us to behave a certain way. This suggests that we have a sense of free will in our behaviour, and doesnt just stick to one theory as to why we behave the way that we do.Another strength of this approach is that it explains cultural differences in behaviour. This theory can explain how people living in Nigeria behave differently to people living in England, for example, because it says our behaviour is through learning from those around us and the societies in which we live. This has been a useful concept in understanding why children from different countries act differently, for example how they come to understand their gender role.A final strength of the social learning theory approach is that it shows the importance of cognitive factors in learning. Conditioning alone, whether it operant, classical, or both, cannot provide a good enough explanation for behaviour. Humans and animals alike learn and remember behaviours which they should do. For example, from a young child children learn from their older siblings mistakes and therefore avoid doing that punished behaviour. Bandura observed a similar thing with his bobo doll, as when children were shown an adult hitting a bobo doll and getting away with it, they repeated the behaviour, however when they saw an adult getting in trouble for it, they didnt. Therefore, this is a strength because it provides a more comprehensive and detailed explanation of behaviour.However, a weakness of the SLT approach is that it over-relies on evidence from lab studies. Many of the ideas that Bandura devel oped were all tested through lab studies, and not real life situations. Studies done in labs can often not be a true reflection of what the researcher is investigating because of this. For example, the children in Banduras bobo doll experiment may have understood that as they were not in a real-life situation being shown a video of an aggressive adult, for example they were supposed to copy the behaviours of the adult or they may have acted the way they thought they were supposed to. Therefore, the research may tell us little about how the children truly would have behaved.A final evaluation depict of this approach is the weakness that the SLT underestimates the influence of biological factors. Little reference to biological factors are mentioned by Bandura in this approach. However, we can see from his studies that biology does take a toll. For example, boys were found to be more aggressive towards the bobo doll, however we know that testosterone is a hormone found naturally in males, that makes them more aggressive by nature. Therefore, we cannot vomit down their behaviour entirely to learning, as biology must play a role in it.

The Jet Engine and Leisure Air Travel :: essays research papers

The Jet Engine and Leisure Air TravelAir transport for European tourists got off to a shaky start in the late 1920s.But it was to be thirty years before leisure air extend was to appeal to anyone but the rich and adventurous. lavishly cost, fear of flying and the absence of toilets in early airliners (an unfortunate combination) were the main deterrents the unpressurized aircraft of the inter-war years were noisy, slow and not especially comfortable despite the efforts of some airlines to mold aircraft cabins resemble the first-class state-rooms of an ocean liner. This changed fundamentally after 1958 with the introduction into airline service of the Boeing 707, the Douglas DC-8 and the de Havilland Comet 4, aircraft were capable of flying fast, high and with hitherto unknown smoothness. The resinous age had arrived. This paper considers this age and its impact on tourism in the 1960s and 1970s. It argues that while the revolution in European leisure air travel that took place i n these years was obviously the result of social and economic change (more disposable income, a greater propensity to take foreign holidays and the accession of new capital into the independent airline industry), there was also a critical additional factor. Thiswas the breakthrough in transport technology represented by the jet engine and it is on this aeronautical artifact that the papers main focus will lie. 1Technological change was crucial to the march of economic and social modernisation in both the 19th and 20 th centuries. New technologies of power generation, manufacturing, transport and communications changed the world and shrunk cartridge holder and space. What is generally termed Fordism grew out of the mass production of automobiles to encompass a whole array of practices and institutions that now underpin modern Western society2. In the wake of Fordist mass production, a Fordist lifestyle of mass consumption set in after 1950 and this included the international touri st industry, the single largest and fastest-growing industry in the world3. The technological change that triggered and accompanied this explosion in tourist activity was the introduction of the jet engine. Indeed the jet engine has been as vital a part of social modernisation as mass tourism itself. The jet engines evolution and dominance in aerospace propulsion since 1950 is traditionally described in terms of the transfer of technology from military to civilian usage the turbo-jet grew out of the Second World War and the conceptualisation for it, and was later installed in civil

Finding Fulfillment in The Good Earth Essay -- Pearl Buck Good Earth E

Finding Fulfillment in The Good Earth The Good Earth is a novel written by Pearl S. Buck. It is set in China and on the day of Wang Lungs marriage. Wang Lung is a poor peasant farmer whose love for the land sustains him through the difficult times of his life. He married a slave from the great house, and he moves from a poor, humble, country farmer to a wealthy, respected, landowning patriarch. He moves into the house that he bought his wife from, and dies content with his faith in the ingenuous earth. The name of the novel is misleading because we have to wonder if the earth is re whollyy good to Wang Lung. There was only this perfect sympathy of movement, of turning this earth of theirs all over and over to the sun, this earth which formed their home and fed their bodies and made their gods...Some time, in whatsoever age, bodies of men and women had been buried there, houses had stood there, had fallen, and gone back into the earth. So would also their house, som e time, return into the earth, their bodies also. Each had his turn at this earth. They worked on, moving together-together-producing the fruit of this earth. (Ch. 1, pg. 22). People have taken their turn on the earth. The lived and died for the earth the earth provided them with food and with shelter. well(p) and the children must all starve if the plants starve. (Chapter 8, pg. 48) There are times of drought and times of flooding. There were times where there wasnt any food and the rains ruined shelter. Wang Lung dog-tired most of his life rebuilding what was ruined, and when it was rebuilt, it was ruined again. But after many years of working hard, Wang Lung gained enough money to own lots of land. The only unlikeness between a pheasant l... ...h he forgot it for many months together, when spring came each year he must go out on to the land. (Chapter 34, pg. 257) Wang Lung was not aware of his sons beguile in selling the land though, and thus died contently. He wished he had done things differently with O-lan and probably would have been happier if he was still a pheasant but we all wish there were things we could have done differently. To Wang Lung the earth was good. He never saw the ending picture and how his faith in the earth wouldnt carry on because of his money hungry sons, but his love for the land ended with him, and peace in his heart. Works Cited Buck, Pearl S. The Good Earth. New York Washington Square P, 1994. Kang, Younghill. followup of The Good Earth. Rpt. in The Good Earth. Ed. Peter Conn. New York Washington Square P, 1994. 367-68.